Major Contributors to the Theory of Evolution Essay example

Long before Charles Darwin, other people made important contributions to the historical development of the theory of evolution. It all started in 5th century BC when early Greek philosophers characterized the origin of the natural world as by the power of nature rather than by supernatural force. They proposed the theory of evolution to explain the basis of the natural world. Thus, evolutionary theory began with the Ionian philosopher Anaximander (611-546 BC) who proposed living beings gradually developed from water and that humans originated from animals. He proposed the world had arisen from an undifferentiated, indeterminate substance. In the 6th century BC, Xenophanes (570475 BC) developed Anaximander’s theories by using fossils as†¦show more content†¦Its philosophy was dedicated to unveiling God’s plan by studying his creation. Species were individually created and designed by God for a purpose. This popular doctrine of a fixed, permanent and unchanging s pecies overruled suggested ideas of evolution. Natural theologian Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) was the â€Å"Father of Taxonomy† and he developed the two-part system (genus and species) of naming organisms and grouping species into a hierarchy. He firmly believed that species were permanent and dedicated his life to classifying organisms to reveal the plan of God’s creation. Through greater knowledge of the natural world, discoveries in the geological sciences greatly contributed to making Darwin’s theory of evolution possible. French geologist Buffon (1707-1778) came to recognize that sedimentary rocks were laid down at different times suggesting the age of the earth. French zoologist and paleontologist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) documented the succession of fossil species, noting the progressiveness of the fossil record – however, he was opposed to evolution and argued that boundaries between organisms from different strata were cause by past catastrophic events (catastrophism). Uniformitarian, Charles Lyell (1797-1875) suggested that various geological formations on Earth resulted from the cumulative effects of slow but continuous processes over long expanses of time – confirming that slow gradual changes over expansive amounts of time can yield substantialShow MoreRelatedExploring the Schema Theory of Learning Essay513 Words    |  3 PagesTheories of Learning Schema Theory Overview: Schema Theory is part of the cognitive theories of learning module and deals with how the brain processes new knowledge (Chalmers, 2003). Schemata are packets of prior knowledge that have been stored in a learner’s memory. Each learner has developed schemata that are based on prior experience and knowledge. Learners seek to connect new information with prior knowledge and use generalizations to assist in organization of information. Schema Theory isRead MoreThe Process Of Evolution And Evolution1679 Words   |  7 PagesElla Sachs Mrs.Jarvis AP Biology April 6th, 2015 The Process of Evolution Evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth,† Google. Google. Google, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. Evolution is the reason there is change in the genetic makeup of a population, the reason organisms are linked by common ancestors, and evolution is still happening today because of the constant change in environmentRead MoreIntelligent Design: A Bona Fide Theory Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages Sir Isaac Newton once said, â€Å"Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who sets the planets in motion†. As a major contributor to modern physics with his discovery of gravity, Isaac Newton held a convicting belief in an intelligent designer who created the universe and humanity. According to Discovery Institute (n.d.), â€Å"The theory of intelligent design holds that certain feature of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirectedRead MoreClassical And Contingency Theories For Organizational Design1275 Words   |  6 PagesCritically Evaluate the Contributions and Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories to Our Understanding of Contemporary Practices in the Area of Organizational Design  Table of Contents Introduction 3 Overview of Classical and Contingency Theories 3 Contributions of Classical and Contingency Theories 4 Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories 5 Conclusion 6 References 7  Introduction Organisation is composed of individuals and groups who work together towards the accomplishmentRead MoreSymbolic Interactionist Perspective In Sociology1543 Words   |  7 Pagesto the understanding of complex behaviors we demonstrate everyday. Pioneering sociologists introduced a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society. These views are now the basis of which today’s theoretical perspectives are formed. (Contributors at CliffsNotes, 2016) A theoretical perspective, a set of assumptions about reality that demise the questions we ask and support the answers we seek. These perspectives work as sociologist’s lenses in which they look through; they can either clearRead MoreSchool of Thought1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Struc turalism, functionalism, behaviorism: Structuralism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental process into the most basic component, Major structuralism thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner.Read MoreThe Most Significant Of The Scientific Theories Have Made Considerable Progression1372 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of the millenniums, scientific theories have made considerable progression. At times improving sluggishly, where at times growing rapidly and skyrocketing. Some regions unprosperous than others at times, while others majorly succeeding where other nations are failing. These peaks and valleys are what provision the evolution of theories. The most significant of the preceding times was the era of Aristotle the philosopher around three hundred B.C., who helped lend a foundation for theRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin1689 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is evolution? Are we really related to monkeys? What does religion have to say about the theory of ev olution? These are questions that science is still trying to figure out. The simplest answer for the first question is that evolution is decent with modification. This means that, for example, the first humans used their wisdom teeth since they would eat hard and rough foods such as raw meat, nuts, leaves, etc. Now, humans don t use those teeth anymore because we have softer foods, and evenRead MoreKurt Wundt s Theory Of Psychology966 Words   |  4 Pagescontinues to do so. Pioneers in the field created movements that were sometimes embraced, sometimes not. Ideas were challenged and each successive theory either opposed or built on what had come before. The science of psychology has come a long way from its humble roots in philosophy and physiology, becoming a vast and complex discipline with many subfields. Theories and schools of thought gave way to opposing views and new schools. Wilhelm Wundt was the father of experimental psychology. Wundt was responsibleRead MoreOperations Management Paper1329 Words   |  6 Pagesthat will affect business is becoming one of the major concerns for any service organization. Operations management focuses on forecasting and different methodologies that can be used to help deter any negative effects from future environmental or economical events. Who is the contributor(s), and what concept has this person(s) contributed to the field of management? To understand the contributors, we must first review the historical evolution that has transcended operations management into what

Animal Testing in the United States Essay - 1773 Words

Millions of animals die each year in the United States due to animal testing. Animals are used in laboratories to test chemicals in products and also used in research for the study of diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Unfortunately, these animals suffer tremendously while being experimented on and afterwards they are commonly put to death. The government has established legislation which gives certain guidelines for animal in laboratories, but it does not apply to every animal. The government even requires certain animal experimentation on specific products such as pesticides. There is also much dispute on whether or not animal testing is actually reliable in research for human products and diseases. The issue of animal testing†¦show more content†¦The second type of product test is the LD-50 test. This stands for â€Å"lethal dose† and it means the amount of a substance that will kill 50% of a test group when ingested, inhaled, or exposed by the test subjects. The LD-50 measures the acute toxicity of a chemical, which is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects soon after it has been exposed to the subject. Most often this test is performed on mice or rats and it is usually applied to the skin or given orally to the animals, although it may also be injected into blood veins, muscles, or the abdominal cavity. A benefit of this test is that its results can be compared among many different chemicals for testing acute toxicity. The results of this test tell researchers how much of a chemical per kilogram of weight of the animal will cause death in half a test group. If the toxicity of a chemical shows similar results among many different types of animals, then it is assumed that the chemical will have the same effect on humans. Effects of this test: animals have been observed to have convulsions, discharge, diarrhea, and bleeding from the mouth and eyes. Any animal that does not die during the test is killed at the end of the experiment. Popular US companies that test products on animals: Arm and Hammer Bic Corporation Colgate-Palmolive Johnson and Johnson Kimberly-Clark Proctor andShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Proposal Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has yet to stop this cruel practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing (â€Å"Animal Testing 101†). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are lockedRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned864 Words   |  4 Pages Animal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in experiments. (Merriam) We as humans have been using animals to test products that the reaction is unknown. Even though we might benefit from this testing, the benefit does not justify how we treat animals. Scientist such as, Claude Bernard, known as the father of physiology, have said that â€Å"experiments on animals are entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man. 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There are many different reasons why animals are used for research. Animals are used to test the products used in cosmetics, for biomedical research, for military defense and food production. Many people includingRead MoreAnimal Testing And The Cosmetic Industry994 Words   |  4 Pages Synthesis paper In this paper there are three main topics that are going to be covered. They are alternatives to animal testing, animal testing in cosmetics, and the news in the cosmetic industry related to animal testing. For this paper there were four sources that were evaluated. All of them had a few things in common and through that it was easy to link them together through three different subtopics that will be evaluated later in this paper. The first source that I will be using is â€Å"The ScienceRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal1189 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals worldwide are used in laboratory experiments each year† (About Animal Testing). Animal testing has been used since the BC years, and it is used to understand and compare how things might affect the human body. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company released a drug that was poisonous to humans unknowingly. It ended up poisoning many people, and resulted in several deaths. After this incident, experiments on animals became more important in the medical world (Hajar, Rachel). Animal testingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 PagesYou can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. (Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimesRead MoreAnimal Testing: What if You Were in Their Place? Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesEvery year about 241,000 rabbits are tortured in United States laboratories to test for the effects that household products, such as cosmetics, dishwashing liquid, and drain cleaner will have on their eyes (Rabbits in Laboratori es | PETA.org. 1). Scientists will drip chemicals into the eyes of the animal to see how much irritation it will cause, a process known as the Draize eye irritancy test (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The test is certainly not pain free; it often causes distressRead MoreEssay on The Unlucky Animals Used for Testing1322 Words   |  6 Pagesnot all animals are as lucky as many household pets. Millions of animals are killed, poisoned, and abused from animal testing each year in the Unites States. Just last year the European Union banned the sale of any cosmetic ingredients that have been tested on animals. Also joining the fight against animal testing in cosmetics is Israel and India. These countries have banned all testing on animals for cosmetic purposes. China, not far behind, has just approved their first non-animal test for

Importance of Uniformity free essay sample

Uniforms help identify or tell us someones Job or an organization they belong to. When you see a uniform it tells you something about the person wearing it. When you think about it, you see uniforms everyday. For example, doctors, police, chefs, and us soldiers. Uniforms can tell you that a person is there to help you. It makes them look different from other people so you can identify/recognize them more easily. Think of doctors, nurses, police, firemen and soldiers. A uniform, as opposed to a costume, is clothing of a certain type, style, and make up that is required by the rganization the person belongs to. An Army uniform is actually described in Army regulations and Federal law allows military uniforms to be only worn by persons serving in the military. Uniforms tell you not only that a person belongs to a certain group but also that person has skills other people dont. A police officer is only allowed to wear this uniform if he/she has completed specific training. A nurse is only allowed to wear this uniform if they have completed nursing school. You wouldnt ask a police officer to stitch a cut on your arm and you wouldnt ask a nurse to arrest someone. People in the armed services are different from other people. The army uniform tells you that the person wearing it belongs to a specific country and organization: The United States Army. This means the person wearing it has taken an oath to the government of the United States to defend the nation, even if it means they might get hurt or even die. The Army has two types of uniforms, one for dress and one for work. The Army work uniform is like a firemans uniform it helps protect the wearer. The uniform provides protection for the wearer. It is a type of camouflage (because of the pattern) to protect the wearer from being seen. It tells you s/he is a member of the US Army. It tells you the persons name. It tells you the persons rank. Twice, once on the flash on the beret and once on the Jacket of the ACUs. (The higher the rank, the more people they can give orders to. )lt tells you what part of the army he/she is in. This allows other people in the army to identify the wearer and be able to know where the person comes from and if they must take orders from this person. It allows the army to work smoothly. Uniforms are important in our society because it helps us identify the people who can help us if we get lost or hurt, protect us and keep us afe. Uniformity is a tool for the Army. It helps instill self discipline, attention to detail, and the ability to follow instructions for each soldier, and it provides leaders with an indicator of who among their soldiers actually is making an effort and who is just trying to do the minimum necessary to stay out of trouble. How crisp a uniform is pressed, how well boots are shined (when we had to shine them, the new boots dont need it) placement of badges are all indicators of the effort someone puts in. ame because they wear the same uniform. The only way for a soldier to separate hemselves from the rest is either to exceed the standards, and encourage his teammates to do the same, or rock the boat, and hope he doesnt get thrown out. The Class A uniform is like a suit. It consists of the Army green coat and trousers, worn with either short-slee ve or long-sleeve green shade 428 shirt and a black necktie. This uniform is used for special occasions like graduations, promotion boards, promotions, and any special event put on by the military. This uniform may also be worn to civilian functions such as weddings, religious services, and the like. The Class B uniform omits the coat. The tie can also be omitted if the short-sleeve shirt is worn. The Class B uniform is what soldiers wear when they are not working in a field environment. Soldiers in the National Guard who serve part-time do not generally wear these uniforms, but you will need to know some information about them. The ACU uses a new military camouflage pattern called the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), which blends green, tan, and gray to work effectively in desert, and urban environments. The ACU consists ofa field Jacket, trousers, headwear, a t-shirt, and footwear. The Army is about executing the mission, hether its unloading supplies at a warehouse in Texas, or going on patrol in Iraq. The ability to execute tasks is something that must be practiced. A similar example can be found in the NFL. In NFL minicamps the players are practicing techniques, and plays every day in order to ensure they can execute when game time comes around. Uniforms were made to provide a method to identify the soldiers. The uniform helped to identify friend from foe and to identify the type of soldier and his rank within his unit. Uniforms were standardized and each soldier became an element of a larger entity. It may seem silly to make a big deal about a badge not being 1/2 an inch from the top edge of a pocket, but after a while determining that 1/2 inch gap becomes second nature, and handy when the soldier is told to crimp the blasting cap 1/2 and inch from the end. no need to waste time and put life at risk by looking for a ruler in your pack. Uniforms also gave the soldiers a pride and taught them military discipline and bearing. A soldier had to be disciplined to learn how to clean his uniform, as well as his weapon. The uniform not only impressed his fellow soldiers but the enemy who he met in battle.

Marketing Plan Basics Essays - Marketing, Communication Design

Marketing Plan Basics Basics and Planning Introduction Advertising and promotions is bringing a service to the attention of potential and current customers. Advertising and promotions are best carried out by implementing an advertising and promotions plan. The goals of the plan should depend very much on the overall goals and strategies of the organization, and the results of the marketing analysis, including the positioning statement. The plan usually includes what target markets you want to reach, what features and benefits you want to convey to them, how you will convey it to them (this is often called your advertising campaign), who is responsible to carry the various activities in the plan and how much money is budgeted for this effort. Successful advertising depends very much on knowing the preferred methods and styles of communications of the target markets that you want to reach with your ads. A media plan and calendar can be very useful, which specifies what advertising methods are used and when. For each service, carefully consider: What target markets are you trying to reach with your ads? What would you like them to think and perceive about your products (this should be in terms of benefits to them, not you)? How can you get them to think and perceive that? What communications media do they see or prefer the most? Consider TV, radio, newsletters, classifieds, displays/signs, posters, word of mouth, press releases, direct mail, special events, brochures, neighborhood newsletters, etc. What media is most practical for you to use in terms of access and affordability (the amount spent on advertising is often based on the revenue expected from the product or service, that is, the sales forecast.)? You can often find out a lot about your customers preferences just by conducting some basic market research methods. The following closely related links might be useful in preparation for your planning. Basic Methods to Get Feedback from Customers Far too often, we think we know what our customers think and want because -- well, we just know, that's all. Wrong! Businesses can't be successful if they don't continue to meet the needs of their customers. Period. There should be few activities as important as finding out what your customers want for products and services and finding out what they think of yours. Fortunately, there are a variety of practical methods that businesses can use to feedback from customers. The methods you choose and how you use them depend on what the type of feedback that you want from customers, for example, to find out their needs in products and services, what they think about your products and services, etc. Employees -- Your employees of usually the people who interact the most with your customers. Ask them about products and services that customers are asking for. Ask employees about what the customers complain about. Comment Cards -- Provide brief, half-page comment cards on which they can answer basic questions such as: Were you satisfied with our services? How could we provide the perfect services? Are there any services you'd like to see that don't exist yet? Competition -- What is your competition selling? Ask people who shop there. Many people don't notice sales or major items in stores. Start coaching those around you to notice what's going on with your competition. (See Competitive Analysis.) Customers -- One of the best ways to find out what customers want is to ask them. Talk to them when they visit your facility or you visit theirs. (See Questioning and Listening.) Documentation and Records -- Notice what customers are buying and not buying from you. If you already know what customers are buying, etc., then is this written down somewhere? It should be so that you don't forget, particularly during times of stress or when trying to train personnel to help you out. Focus Groups -- Focus groups are usually 8-10 people that you gather to get their impressions of a product or service or an idea. (See Focus Groups .) Surveys by Mail -- You might hate answering these things, but plenty of people don't -- and will fill our surveys especially if they get something in return. Promise them a discount if they return the completed form to your facility. (See Survey Design.) Telephone Surveys -- Hire summer