Sphere :: essays research papers

Sphere     Sphere, by Michael Crichton (Ballantine Books, juvenile York, 1987) is an exciting and unpredictable novel. The transformations between the introduction, rising action, climax and ending are almost perfect.     As the wire snagged something, the crew laying the wire on the bottom of the Pacific realized at that place was a problem in that respect were no send outwrecks on the chart. The military got a hold of this information and were direct to investigate. They put together a group of people ranging from a mathematician to a psychologist. They called in Norman Johnson to lead the team he was a psychologist who had copet with many an(prenominal) disasters in his years. He comes in to comfort eyewitnesses who cant deal with the sight and helps victims and family members deal with the loss of friends and family.     Norman was called one day and told there was an emergency and that they wanted him to come i n and work. He suspected that it was another(prenominal) plane crash he knew he was wrong when he was wet onto a military helicopter. He flew over the Pacific Ocean for what seemed homogeneous days. Hours and hours of blue water was ended with a speck of a ship that turned into a whole fleet of military vessels. He knew that this was no ordinary plane crash.The introduction of the book is very grabbing, it makes you want to keep up reading on until you finish. As the rising action starts to take despatch you feel as if you were in the same world as Norman, Beth, and Harry, the ternary main characters. You start to feel claustrophobic as you read more or less how confining the underwater habitat is. They battle with giant squid, thousands of jellyfish and squid eggs, and so on. The eeriest part is when they go to board the giant spacecraft. They arrived at what they prospect was an entrance point and located some type of defend panel.     By now they had de termined by the size, shape, hull strength, and how think the coral was coating I, that it was that we didnt have the technology at this time to build a vessel like this, and that it has been there for a very long time. then they determined that it was some sort of alien spacecraft. They open what they thought was the control panel and it was all in English Barnes, the captain, pushed the Open button and a door opened, they walked in and the door closed.

Sociology and Anticipatory Socialization

Dayanas Group Case Study The church building Search 1. ) How have Marshas experiences so far represented aspects of the antecedent socializing process? Is it also possible to consider anticipatory socialization from the flush of assimilate of the church searching for a sensitive parson? What does anticipatory socialization look manage from the organizations point of view? * There argon a couple experiences Marsha went through so far that represent aspects of the anticipatory socialization process.The first is when she is in her sustentation room reading through the profiles of churches, when she stubbles upon Nancys church she k saucy their values and boot peered her commitments. Thats where she got a general predilection of Nancys assembly. Secondly when Nancy and Marsha spiel up at the restaurant, is where Marsha would larn a real sizable belief of the organization through what Nancy is discussing.With Nancy arriving with a long step process of things to do it show s Marsha how enthusiastic the church is and gives Marsha a good idea of what it would be aforesaid(prenominal) to drop dead as a minister of religion there before rattling snuff iting. * Yes, it is possible to consider anticipatory socialization through the point of view of the church. By the search committee reading the diplomatic ministers profile of past, values, goals, strengths, and etc. they buns frustrate a good idea of who would make a good fit for their organization. The anticipatory socialization looks at the prospected employee just as she looks at the church. The organization looks at their resumes and interview processes to get a general idea of what kind of person and worker the employee might be before their start with the organization. 2. ) During the weekend ahead, what questions should Marsha anticipate during the interview process? What questions should she ask? What are the sundry(a) functions that the interview testament serve for both Marsha and the congregation? Some questions Marsha should be anticipating during the interview process are questions about her personality, how motivated she is toward the occupation, and communication skills. here(predicate) is where the organization can get a glimpse of the work gauge of the prospective employee. * Some questions Marsha should ask are questions to dig a slender deeper into the organization where she can get a general since of what it would be to work as the pastor for Nancys church. Probably asking overt questions to get direct answers about her concerns or curiosities. The interview will benefit both parties in the way that they will both gain much fellowship of each other. Marsha and the congregation will get asked questions and get to ask questions where they will gain more knowledge of each others values, goals, ambitions, motivating, personality, environment, and socialization. With more information learned from one another they can determine if the match with benefi t each party. 3. ) Assuming that Marsha eventually takes on the role of pastor with this church, what should she anticipate during her first few months in her new role? are there steps that she can take before and after piteous to Michigan to ease her transition? Are there steps the congregation can take to help her makes sense of life in the new church? * Marsha should anticipate her superiors giving her different tasks, to learn about her skills and motivation to help her find her role. Then it will continue on to make her roll through exchange resources with superiors to develop her role definitions. * In the metabolism phase is the final stage of socialization where there might be job transfers which might entitle a new location.She should keep proud communication with her supervisor and coworkers to help ease the transition experience. * There are no specific steps to help her make sense of the new church but Marsha can use the newcomer information-seeking tactics and the church be supportive with her questioning. With the congregation helping Marsha with here questions and concerns she can get into routine where she starts to feel as an insider. 4. ) A pastors role is one in which the supervisor could be seen as the congregation.How could the leader-member exchange simulation be adapted to account for these kinds of organizational positions? * The role routinization phase there would be a little adaptation to the in-group stage for organizational positions like a pastor. The in-group would be characterized by high dedicate where the congregation has trust for on another. High influence due to what the people want with the mass of superiority through the people of the congregation, might lead to an out enumeration with decisions.Mutual rewards, high rewards coming from morality with having the ability to spread the word of theology, and the community itself and the low rewards would come from the church isnt built to bowl over a profit. High su pport with the amount of people who are members of a congregation there would be a lot of support with the pastor to make sure things go as planned and smooth. Latitude in task development where everyone would most likely all have the same outlook, goals, and pace of development for the church.

Ethics In Education Essay

AbstractEducation has ever been considered as whiz of the strongest foundations for any civilized parliamentary procedure. The success of any Nation is largely attributed the authority in which training system is built up. There is growing splendor the world over these days to incorporate importance of h peerlessst cadences in education. Ethical standards in education contain basic principles, procedures and behavior patterns base on freight to core de c al unityine that be deeply root in education. An ethical education allow pave a commission to uplift educational standards which in turn will instill proficient values among students who will certainly create landmark in their travel as headspring as carriage.ETHICS IN EDUCATIONThe concept Of EthicsThe definition of morality is shaped by personal, societal and superior values, entirely(prenominal) of which ar difficult to specify. almost stress the importance of societys interests and others stress the inter ests of the individual. These conflicting viewpoints give dominated the discussion of ethics for a abundant time and may remain in the forthcoming as thoroughly. Thus, the term ethics will have to be be in this context.The newsworthiness ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos ( disposition) and Latin word moras (customs). Taken together these two words define how individuals choose to interact with one a nonher. Thus, ethics is ab out(p) choices. It signifies how people act in holy order to make the skilful choice and incur good behavior. It encompasses the examination of principles, values and norms, the consideration of available choices to make the right field end and the strength of character to act in accordance with the decision. Hence, ethics, as a practical discipline, demands the attainment of moral knowledge and the skills to properly apply such knowledge to the problems of workaday life.Philosophical Theories of EthicsDecision devising based on acquai ntance or personal feeling does not always lead to the right course of live up to. Therefore, ethical decision making requires a criterion to verify good judgment. The philosophic theories of ethics provide different and distinct criteria for good, right or moral judgment.Three prominent philosophical theories of ethics atomic number 18 functionalism, rights and arbitrator. They are normative theories of ethics, which provide a principle or standard on how a person ought to behave towards others by considering the right and ill-timed of an action. These normative theories are divided into two broad classifications, consequential and non-consequential. eventful theories define good in footing of its consequences, and a best cognise extype Ale is practicalness of utilitarianism. In contrast, non-consequential theories define good not by its consequences but by its intrinsic value and the best known examples are the rights and jurist theories. These theories are described be low.(a) The theory of utilitarianismAccording to this theory, the ethical selection is the one that maximises good consequences over badly consequences. Jeremy Bentham, who is considered as the father of utilitarian ethics, defines utilitarianism as the greatest happiness principle (the principle of utility), which measures good and bad consequences in terms of happiness and pain. He wrote as follows in his word of honor An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and LegislationNature has placed mankind low the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one roll the standard of right and damage, chain of causes and effects, are fas 10ed to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think.The terms happiness and pain have broad meaning and encompass all aspects of human welfare, including pleasure and sadness, health and sickness, satisf action and disappointment, positive and negative emotions, transaction and failure and knowledge and ignorance. Applying the utilitarian principle is a procedural function involving five steps(1) Define the problem(2) disclose the stakeholders affected by the problem(3) List the alternative courses of action for resolving the problem (4) Identify and calculate the short- and long- term be and benefits (pain and happiness) for each alternative course of action and (5) Select the course of action that yields greatest sum of benefits over costs for the greatest number of people. Thus, ethical conduct by accountants based on this theory leads to consideration of all possible consequences of a decision for all parties affected by it.This theory takes a pragmatic and common mother wit approach to ethics. Actions are right to the extent that they benefit people (i.e. actions, which produce more benefit than harm are right and those that do not are wrong). Thus, the cognitive process r equired for utilitarian decision making appears similar to the cost-benefit analysis that is normally applied in line decisions. However, thither are important distinctions between the two concepts in relation to the personality of consequences, the measurability of the consequences and stakeholder analysis.(b) The theory of rightsThe theory of rights stems from the belief that people have an congenital worth as human beings that must be respected. Therefore, according to this theory, a good decision is one that respects the rights of others. Conversely, a decision is wrong to the extent that it violates another persons rights. In general, the rights can be divided into two categories (1) natural rights (rights that exist independently of any jural structure) and (2) Legal rights and contractual rights (rights that are created by social agreement). The natural rights are commonly known as human rights or constitutional rights.Among many a(prenominal) natural rights, the right t o the truth is important to the function of accounting. The users of financial statements have the right to truthful and accurate financial information when making choices on alternative investment strategies. This right imposes a moral obligation on the accountant and the reporting entity to prepare and issue, true and fair financial statements. On the other hand, level-headed and contractual rights are important in the accountant-employer and the accountant-client relationships. These contractual relationships mean that employers and clients have a legal right to expect professed(prenominal) and competent service from the accountants. In turn, the accountants have a corresponding legal duty to perform their tasks to the best of their ability within the constraints of their expertise.(c) The theory of justiceUnderstanding this theory requires understanding heterogeneous notions of justice. Generally, justice is described as fairness, which refers to the correlation between contr ibution and reward. However, fairness alone cannot define the term justice. There are also other forms of justice, which complicate equality (assumes that all people have equal worth), procedural justice (concerns with due process) and compensatory justice (addressed the loss from a wrongful act). However, a comprehensive theory incorporating these various domains of justice has yet to be developed. Thus, the focus of this paper is on the theory of justice, which is based on the principle of distributive justice. It focuses on how fairly ones decisions distribute benefits and burdens among members of the group. Unjust distribution of benefits and burdens is an unjust act and an unjust act is a morally wrong act. Hence, under this theory, an ethical decision is one that produces the fairest overall distribution of benefits and burdens.Ethics In Education basically there are three parties involved in ethical education system namely students, teachers and administrators. Teacher, be ing the most important facet of ethical education, is the torch bearer to the change the whole scenario of education system. He is the one who could exemplify his ethical behavior in front of students. Students most of the time learn their behavior from their teachers. Right approach of teacher to teach the students wrong the class room will make ever lasting impingement on the minds of students. It goes without saying that the principle of ethical conduct lie at the core of teaching profession. The whole society can be remolded by administering ethical practices. Secondly, the responsibility for promoting ethics in higher education lies with the leaders of colleges and universities. Like most efforts at organizational change, the energy, financing, and inspiration must light at the top and must anticipate and verbalize a long term dedication to ethical goals.Bottom-up schemes for change are rarely successful since they lack the organizational influence to create a sustained, w ell supported architectural plan of action. Ethics issues permeate every aspect of university life from admissions to the classroom, from hiring to political program development and from research to the athletic field. To alter the ethics culture in an institution of higher education (or any organization) requires the highest level of commitment and realistic consequences for deviations. (a) Verbal and create verbally commitment of the university president/chancellor, board of trustees, alumni association, talent and staff to the implementation of an ethics plan of action (b) Verbal and written commitment of departments heads overseeing student recruiting and admissions policy to an ethics plan of action for their areas of concern.Some possible action items might include advertising that the student remains is governed by a honor code, the violation of which could lead to disenrollment. The hallmark of the admissions policy would focus on the ethical selection of students to include heathen difference, gender and racial equalities, socio-economic factors, as well as, academic excellence. (c) Faculty hiring guidelines that would include a thorough vetting of the applicants qualifications and background as well as a written commitment by the applicant to in full support the ethics initiative (d) Faculty members to commit to and undertake curriculum revisions that would include the ethical aspects of their particular discipline(e) Students to commit to a dormitory, community/sorority, off-campus life-style code ethics (f) Faculty members to commit to ethical guidelines for the research into the publication of scholarly materials (g) Faculty members to commit to a faculty-faculty, faculty-student ethical relationships guideline. Lastly, students are also expected to contribute maximally by behaving honestly to their work, duties and responsibilities. They should neer restore to any malpractices during examination or any class work. finaleThe writer has reviewed just a fraction of the literature available on the subject of ethics in the workplace. The literature for the most part, supports the notion that the ethical behavior is good, that ethical behavior is needed in the workplace, and that progress is possible in raising men and women above their more prurient interests. ground on the writers experience and discussions with university leaders, however, the notion of total commitment by all stakeholders as outlined in the sample plan is probably unlikely. Cries of academic freedom, unreasonable restraints and loss of flexibility would be echoed from the campana towers of academia in spite of the intrinsic good intentions of the plan. All this does not augur well for the fast track implementation of ethics at the university level or in the workplace. Instead, progress in changing individuals towards a more ethical vision of their personal and professional life will be a plodding effort, characterized by small successes and small failures for a long time into the future.ReferencesAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants (2010). The write in code of Professional Conduct. Retrievedfromhttp//www.aicpa.org/research/standards/codeofconduct/downloadabledocuments/2010june1codeofprofessionalconduct.pdf Audi, R. (2007). Can utilitarianism be distributive? Maximization and distribution as criteria in managerial decisions. business organisation Ethics Quarterly, 17(4), 593-611. Baiman, S. & Lewis, B. (1989). An test testing the behavioral equivalence ofstrategically equivalent employment contracts. daybook of accounting Research, (27)1, 1-20. Bazerman, M.H. & Banaji, M.R. (2004). The social psychology of ordinary ethical failures. Social nicety Research, 17, 111-15. Bentham, J. (1843). The works of Jeremy Bentham. Edinburgh, Scotland John Bowring. Bird, F.B. & Walters, J.A. (1989). Moral muteness. Californian Management Review, 73-88. Brenkert, G.G. (2010). The limits and prospects of business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4), 703-9. Burton, B.K. & Goldsby, M.G. (2009). The moral floor A philosophical examination of the connection between ethics and business. Journal of Business Ethics, 91, 145-54. Caldwell, C. & Clapham, S. (2003). organizational trustworthiness An internationalperspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(4), 349-64. Caldwell, C., Hayes, L.A., & Long, D.T. (2010). Leadership, trustworthiness, and ethical stewardship. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), 497-512. ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 30 Caldwell, C. & Karri, R. (2005). Organizational governance and ethical systems A covenantal approach to building trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(1), 249-59. Calhoun, C. (1995). Standing for something. The Journal of Philosophy, 92(5), 235-60. Carlopio, J. (2002). The best articles about leadership from the last ten years. BOSS Financial Review, 71-4.

Historical Perspective of Alcoholism

Introduction intoxi buttt is the oldest and smoothness probably the most widely use drug today. Some film inebriantic beverageic drinkic drink as an opponent but domainy consider it as an ally. Moderate amounts stimu later(a) the mind and relax the muscles, but larger amounts muck up coordination and judgment, finally producing coma and death. It is an addictive drug leading to alcoholism. Alcohol is know since antiquity to have round therapeutic value. Opium and alcohol had long been employ as analgesics. Greek medicine had employed vino and vinegar in wound care. Now we know that alcohol is a good antiseptic.Alcohol has opposite values in modern medicine such as pain relief, delay labor, raising HDL level, etc. Pure neutral touchs is a disguiseless, flammable liquid (boiling point 78. 5? C). Ethanol, produced by tempestuousness as in fuddle-colored or beer or by synthesis, is a dilute solution and must be cut backd by distillate for making other alcoholic beverage s or pure ethanol for injections. This expression will review the origins of alcohol and its many uses by means ofout bill. Early boozing Since antiquity, alcohol- supporting beverages played a vital part in the day-by-day lives of past people.Beer, from fermented barley, is the earliest know alcoholic drink to man. Beer was an integral part of their ghostlike ceremonies and mythology. Early civilizations found the mood-altering properties of beer supernatural, and the newfound soil of intoxication was considered divine. Beer, it was thought, must contain a spirit or god, since swallow the liquid so feature the spirit of the drinker. Remnants of this belief persist to modern times. We still refer to alcohol and alcoholic beverages as spirits. The mouth of a perfectly prosperous man is fil conduct with beer, is an quaint Egyptian proverb. Indeed, numerous quaint Egyptian inscriptions and documents show that beer, to nominateher with bread, was a daily nutrient. Beer was an important offering to the gods, and was hardened in tombs for the after bread and butter. An inscription in the tomb of Ramses II (c. 1200 B. C. ) reads And thou shall unfold me to eat until I am satisfied, and thou shalt give to me beer until I am drunk. The ancient Greeks cal lead beer zythos, which was derived from the Egyptian word zythum.The Romans brewed and drank cerevisia, named after Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. The Romans had a god Dionysus, or Bacchus, the god of wine, who they worshipped in bouts of alcoholic frenzy. The hangover plagued mankind. It was a perish medical priority in the days of ancient Egypt. Cabbage juice was the Pharaohs remedy. For many hundreds of years we have looked upon this old wives tale with amusement. However, modern scientific studies have shown that cabbage juice can chelate some of alcohols byproducts after the coloured has detoxified it.Ancient cultures brewed beer for religious ceremonies as well as for their own enjoyment . Drinking beer was the principal means by which worshippers achieved religious ecstasy. Beer occupied a major role in ancient literary repertoire. For example, the Finnish poetic saga, Kalewala, has 400 verses devoted to beer but besides 200 were needed for the creation of the earth. According to the Edda, the spectacular Nordic epic, wine was reserved for the gods, beer belonged to mortals, and mead an alcoholic drink of fermented honey and water to inhabitants of the realm of the dead.Although beer and brewing was known in many ancient cultures, the oldest proven records of brewing are just about 5,500 years old and can be traced to Mesopotamia ancient Iraq. A vast escritoire of cuneiform literary productions from the area depicts beer and brewing, hence the Mesopotamians are credited with the firstborn beer. The earliest account of barley is found on an ancient Sumerian engraving describing beer making. Beer made people feel exhilarated, wonderful and blissful. The Royal burying ground of Ur, one of the most spectacular discoveries in ancient Mesopotamia, contains mid- tertiary millennium BC tombs of kings and queens of the city of Ur. champion of the tombs belonged to Queen Pu-abi who was buried with her servants. Among the hundreds of gold and silver gray items found to accompany her to the afterlife was a five-liter silver jar, her daily apportionment of barley beer. Hammurabi, who decreed the oldest known collection of laws, established a daily beer ration. This ration was dependent on the kind standing of the individual. For example, a conventionality worker received 2 liters, civil servants 3 liters, and administrators and high priests 5 liters per day.In those ancient times beer was not sold, but exchanged for barley. As beer brewing was a household art, it was also womens work. Hammurabi once coherent a female saloon-keeper drowned for serving low quality beer. The importance of beer to archaeozoic man is highlighted in Gilgamesh, the great Mesopotamian Epic and written in the 3rd millenium B. C. It is the oldest literary epic in the world. Enkidu, the bestial primitive man, drank seven cups of beer and his spirit loosened and his heart soared. In this condition he washed himself and became a human being. Thus, Enkidu, the wild-man, evolved from primitive man to cultured man after tasting beer. History of Alcoholism in Arab The oldest alcoholic drinks were fermented beverages of relatively low alcohol content, that is, the beers and wines. When the Arabs introduced the then recent science of distilling into Europe in the Middle Ages, the alchemists believed that alcohol was the long-sought elixir of life. Alcohol was therefore held to be a remedy for practically all diseases, as indicated by the term whisky (Gaelic water of life).The concept of an elixir or life-giving potion originated from the writings of Jabir ibn Hayyan (8th degree centigrade AD) and al-Rahzi (9th century AD) and known to the West as Gebe r and Rhazes respectively. They were the most important scientists in the history of chemistry and chemical substance technology in Islam. Their works exerted a reign influence on later generations of Muslims and Europeans. The most important of the great chemical discoveries in the Middle Ages were alcohol and mineral acids, and the key to finding them was through the process of distillment, which the Arabs developed and mastered.Distillation was one of the most important processes in Islamic chemical technology and was employed for both medicinal preparations and a variety of other technological and industrial uses, including the preparation of acids and the distillation of perfumes, rosewater and essential oils. Several great Muslim chemists clearly depict the distillation of wine using specialized distillation equipment. Al-Rahzi, in his book Kitab al-Asrar (The Book of Secrets) set forth the process of distillation and the apparatus used. He used distillation to concentrate alcohol, which was then taken as an anesthetic.Al-Kindi (9th century AD), describes distillation and the apparatus in his book, Kitab Kimya al-itr wa al-Tas-idat (Book of Perfume Chemistry and Distillation). Al-Kindi says In the same right smart, one can distill wine using a water-bath, and it comes out the same color as rosewater. In Spain, the Arab surgeon Aub al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, (d. 1013 AD), known to the West as Albucasis, described the distillation of vinegar in an apparatus equal to that used for rosewater, adding that wine could be distilled in the same way. He described using alcohol as a closure for drugs.The flammable property of alcohol was say by Jabir (Geber) And fire which burns on the mouths of bottles due to . . . boiled wine and salt, and similar things with nice characteristics which are thought to be of little use, these are of great significance in these sciences. The flammable property of alcohol was utilized for non-homogeneous applications in Arabic m ilitary and chemical treatises of the 12th and 13th centuries. some(prenominal) Arabic manuscripts describing the chemical recipe for alcohol eventually found their way into 12th and 13th century European works and attributed to various European authors.Clearly, the Arabs were the first to distill alcohol and used it for medicinal purposes. From the Arab world, knowledge of distillation spread to Europe and European alchemists began experimenting with the distillation of many items, but medicines were still mostly given as infusions or decoctions of single herbs. Arabic writings in Spain began to influence Christian schools of medicine in Italy and France. The 13th century Spanish alchemists, Arnold Villanueva and Raymond Lully, introduced wine spirits, which they called aqua vitae (water of life) as a solvent into European medicine.This later became known as brandy, shortened from the German term for burn wine. Brandy was used as medicine by itself for various diseases and later became pop as a recreational drink as well. In the sixteenth century, the Swiss physician Paracelsus popularized the use of distilled alcohol as a solvent to prepare tinctures from herbs and chemicals. History of Alcoholism in USA During the early 1970s, partly in response to student movements of the period many states get down the drinking age to 18 the thought being that if a young man could be sent to war, he should be able to legally buy and consume alcohol.It was also at this time that the voting age was lowered to 18. In short, what happened at this time is that college students demanded, and received, the same constitutional rights as adults e. g. to vote, immunity of speech, freedom of assembly, rights to privacy (including access to contraception, and abortion), etc. This consensus was challenged by the College Alcohol admit started by a group of researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, led by social psychologist Henry Wechsler, who began exploring the problem of college drinking in the late 1970s and early 1980s.Their work in part led to the public life of the National Minimum Drinking Age act of 1984. It also led to the construction of binge drinking as a disease and social problem particular to young adults in higher education settings. I was an undergraduate at the University of Vermont while all this was going on the state was a holdout on keeping the drinking age at 18 but was eventually forced to raise the drinking age to get those federal highway funds.More recently still, the abstinence approach bolstered by the College Alcohol Study has been challenged by research conducted by the Social Norms Institute, who palisade that the health terrorism perpetuated by the binge drinking model has not solved the problem of campus drinking, it simply has created an underground culture of drinking. They argue that by focusing on the most egregious cases, prevention efforts have overdraw the extent to which most college students dr ink. Their approach is remarkably similar to that proposed by the Yale sharpen in the 1940s i. . emphasize wellness, resilience, and informed decision making. Harmful do of alcohol The long-term harmful effects of alcohol abuse on the body are also great. Fifty percent of chronic liver disease is caused by alcohol abuse. Alcohol is also associated with many other diseases, including pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, dementia and other central nervous system disorders, and the foetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol abuse is associated with cancers of the alimentary and respiratory tracts and possibly with breast cancer.High amounts of alcohol or longterm ingestion increase insulin resistance, triglyceride levels, blood insistence and all-cause mortality. Binges may root in arrhythmias. Alcoholics have elevated levels of plasma homocysteine, which has been tie in to premature vascular disease. Beneficial effects of alcohol There is no doubt that when used appropri ately, alcohol has many medicinal uses, as mentioned earlier. Beer was used as anesthetic since ancient times and was a common role in ancient prescriptions in Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek medicine.Since many recorded ancient prescriptions contain many ingredients, it is often difficult to determine which is the active component. umpteen powerful drugs must have been administered unintentionally, for the wisdom behind many household remedies rests on the accumulated weight of empiric experience through the millennia. One of the fascinating finds of medical archaeology is the detection of the antibiotic tetracycline on a thin section of bone from Roman Egypt.It is thought that tetracycline was formed in the brewing process as a result of contamination with an airborne streptomycete, and then ingested with the beer. Beer, therefore, might have been an unintentional fomite for the delivery of powerful antibiotics in those early times. Since beer was a fundamental food staple, a constant intake of this antibiotic might have influenced the chemical formula of bacterial infection. It is possible that the well-known great bacterial resistance to tetracycline today maybe due to bacterial exposure to it since antiquity.

Geomatics : Levelling

Topic 2 Levelling Aims -Heights, data stays and bench tag -Levelling equipment -Field social occasion for takeling -Calculating reduced take aims -Sources of break in levelling -Other levelling methods Levelling how superlatives be defined engineering science surveying involves the assessment of three quantities heights, angles and distances. Levelling it the process of meter stick heights. It is possible when levelling to barroom heights with an accuracy of millimetres Heights can also be calculated using total stations, handheld lasers and GPS devices.However, levelling offers an inexpensive, simple and accurate method for measuring heights, and it is widely utilize in bend sites. Any method of measuring the heights of sharpens above or below the ground using an concur datum. These datums or reference points atomic number 18 present in all construction sites and has an arbitrary height assigned to the point. Most construction sites will consume several of these benchmarks, and if they have heights ground on an arbitrary datum, they ar known as impermanent Bench Marks. Heights Heights be defined using even and erect var.s.The figure below shows a plumbbob suspended at point P, the direction of gravity along the plumb- nisus defines the unsloped at point P. A plain or level argument is any railway system at right angles to this For site work, any horizontal line can be chosen as a datum for heights and for levelling. The height of a point is measured along the erect above or below the chosen datum. The height of a point relative to a datum is known as its reduced level (RL). On just about construction sites there is a permanent datum. The horizontal line or surface passing through this, with its height, becomes the levelling datum.The height of the datum can be arbitrary, a value often used for this is 100. 000m. This is chosen to avoid any negative heights occurring. Any reference point on site which has had a height assigned to it is known as a bench mark. For most surveys and construction work, several bench marks would commonly be cave ined by levelling from the datum. If heights are based on an arbitrary datum these are known as Temporary Bench Marks or TBMs. Curved Surfaces Level (or horizontal) lines are continuously at right angles to the direction of gravity. The direction of gravity is generally towards the spunk of the earth.Over large areas, as the Earth is curved, level surfaces will also be curved. For these, a height residual is measured along a upright piano among 2 curved level surfaces. When surveying over a large area, a curved level surface of zero height has to be defined. This has been established by the Ordnance Survey, this is called the Ordnance Datum (OD). This corresponds to the middling sea level measured Poolbeg or Malin Head. Heights based on these are know as OD heights. The levelling round Levelling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizo ntal piece of penning or surface.To do this, a levelling staff is needed to measure vertical distances and an instrument known as a level is essential to define the horizontal plane. Many types of staff are used with varying lengths and different markings. The E-type face is commonly used in the UK and Ireland. This can be read directly to 0. 01m and by regard to the nearest mm. The staff must be held vertically a rotund emit is sometimes fitted to help this. Automatic Level 1. focussing distinguish 2. Eyepiece 3. Foot screw 6. Tangent screw 7. Circular house of cards Automatic Level 4. Horizontal circle 5. Base plate 8. Collimator ( spot) 9. mark lensThe main features of the telescope 1. Object lens 2. Focusing screw 3. Focusing lens 4. Diaphragm 5. Eyepiece The object lens, rivet lens, diaphragm and mettle piece are all mounted on an optical bloc called the line of collimation or the line of fate. This is an imaginary line which joins the optical boil down of the object lens to the centre of the drag in hairs. When looking through the spirit piece of the surveying telescope, a set of lines called the cross hairs can be get togethern. These are used for taking measurements from the staff. These cross hairs are etched on a small piece of paper of glass known as the diaphragm.To stool the telescope work, the image of the staff is brought to a focus in the plane of the diaphragm using the focusing screw. The eyepiece is rotated so that the cross hairs are in focus and its focal point is also in the plane of the diaphragm. When looking into the telescope an observer will now see a magnified image of the levelling staff focused against the cross hairs. Parallax Parallax occurs when the focusing screw and the eyepiece is make incorrectly. This condition can be detected by moving the eye to different parts of the eyepiece when t from each oneing the staff. If different practices are obtained then parallax is present.To remove parallax, hol d a sheet of paper in front of the object and adjust the eyepiece so that the cross hairs are in focus. Then remove the sheet of paper and bring the staff into focus using the focusing screw. formerly again check for parallax by moving your eye around the eyepiece. If parallax is still occurring plagiarize the adjustment procedure. The compensator In an reflexive level, the compensator is mounted on the telescope followers to the eyepiece. It will only work when the instrument has been levelled to within about 15 of the vertical using the initiation screws and circular bubble.The function of the compensator is to ensure that the line of sight viewed through the telescope is horizontal even if the telescope is bend Tilting levels Tilting levels use a spirit level instead of a compensator to establish a horizontal line of sight. When the bubble is centred the sprit level will be horizontal. When the bubble is off centre the axis will be tilted. By attaching a sprit level to the telescope such that its axis is parallel to the line of sight a horizontal line can be set. This is through with(p) by using a tilting screw, when this is rotated the telescope is tilted a small amount in the vertical plane.The tilting screw is adjusted until the bubble is centred. Digital levels Digital levels are similar in appearance to automatic levels, a horizontal line is established by a compensator and this is done by centralising a circular bubble with the foot screws. The main difference amongst this and other levels is that the staff readings are taken and put down automatically. When levelling, a special bar-coded staff is sighted, and there is no need to sight this staff as the level will do this automatically and boast the measurement. It can also display the horizontal distance to the staff.The advantages of digital levels are that observations are taken without the need to read a staff or record anything by hand. Introducing this automation removes two of the mo st common errors when levelling, reading the staff incorrectly and writing down the wrong value in the field book. The on-board computer also calculates the heights required so that the adventure of making a mistake is removed. This makes the digital level much windy to use. Laser levels Laser levels contain a rotating laser which defines a transparent horizontal plane from which distance to the ground can be do and then the height can be determined.Using a level The following steps are taken when using a level to measure heights 1. Set up the tripod 2. Ensure the top is level 3. advance legs firmly into the ground 4. Attach level 5. Use foot screws to concentrate the circular bubble 6. Test to see if the compensator is working 7. Remove parallax Once the level is set up its important that the line of sight is horizontal. When the foot screws have been used to centralise the circular bubble, it is assumed that the compensator has set the line of sight to be horizontal.However, most levels are non in spotless adjustment and when levelled their line of sight is never exactly horizontal. If the line of sight is not horizontal when the instrument has been levelled, the level has a collimation error. As most levels will have some level of collimation error, a method is required to check if the error is within acceptable limits. This is known as a two- win test. This needs to be conducted when using a new or different level for the first time and at regular intervals thereafter. Two peg test Stage 1 On fairly level ground, two points A and B are marked a distance of Lm apart.In soft ground, two pegs are used, on hard surfaces nails or samara may be used. The level is set up midway between the points at C and carefully levelled. A levelling staff is placed at A and B and staff readings S1 (at B) and S2 (at A) are taken. The two readings are S1 = (S1 + x) and S2 = (S2 + x) S1 and S2 are the staff readings that would have been obtained if the line of collimati on was horizontal, x is the error in each reading due to the collimation error, the topic of which is to tilt the line of sight by angle ?.Since AC = CB, the error x in the readings S1 and S2 will be the same. The difference between readings S1 and S2 gives S1 S2 = (S1 + x) (S2 + x) = S1 S2 This gives the true difference in height between A and B. This demonstrates that if a collimation error is present in a level, the effect of this cancels out when height differences are computed provided readings are taken over tinct sighting distances. Stage 2 The level is then moved so that it is L/10m from point B at D and readings S3 and S4 are taken.The difference between readings S3 and S4 gives the apparent difference in height between A and B. If the level is in perfect adjustment then S1 S2 = S3 S4 However this is not always the case and that an error term (e) needs to be estimates e = (S1 S2) (S3 S4) per Lm If the results of these tests show that the collimation error is less than 1mm per 20m (or some specified value). If the collimation error is greater than this specified value then the level has to be adjusted. This is normally done by the manufacturer or a trained technician.Example Readings obtained from a two peg test carried out on an automatic level with a staff placed on two pegs A and B 50m apart are module reading at A = 1. 283m Staff reading at B = 0. 860m With the level position 5m from peg B (L/10) Staff reading at A = 1. 612m Staff reading at B =1. 219m Calculate the collimation error of the level per 50m of sighting distance declaration S1= 0. 860M S2 = 1. 283M S3 = 1. 219M S4 = 1. 612M e = (0. 860 1. 283) (1. 219 1. 612) per 50M = (-0. 423 (-0. 393)) = -0. 030M per 50M Exam Question 2007 (5 marks)

Frankenstein’s Monster Essay

In the beginning of the story, Elizabeth who was adopted female child of passe-part discover Frankensteins parents falls ill to a perfectlyly illness, which is called ruby-red fever. superordinate Frankensteins mother nurses Elizabeth, and she finally gets better however superscript Frankensteins mother contracts the illness with fatal consequences. professional Frankenstein becomes very broken in when his mother dies. This event make Victor Frankenstein very determined to hit the books and become a doctor and preserve life. Victor Frankenstein goes to a university in Ingolstadt to study.He perceivems to be in two minds to the highest degree his, departure for Ingolstadt, which had been deferred by these events, because he feels guilty about leaving the house of mourning so soon but he is very eager to study. When Frankenstein begins his study at the university, he becomes interested in bringing people back to life. He becomes so interested that he convinces himself that h e could revive a dead human being back to life, one of the phenomena which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the social organization of the human frame, and indeed, any animal endued with life. The next part of the story is when Victor Frankenstein creates the creature and he tries to bring him to life by using electricity, I collected the instruments of life around me, might I infuse a spark of being into the exanimate thing . Once the creature dos life, Victor Frankenstein describes the creature as a demon and a wretch. Frankenstein trick only see what the creature looks like on the outside and so believes the creature is evil, How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how trace the wretch whom with infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? bloody shame Shelley makes the reader feel charity for the creature by the management see the bearing the monster was made this fill us full of wickedness because the way he was made is completely unnatur al I dabble among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured the living animals to animate the lifeless clay This make u feel that the monster was born out of pain and horror.Another way Mary Shelley make feel philanthropy for the creature is the way she describes the determine the creature was made as no one should be brought in to the world in a place like that In a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house, and separated from all the other apartments by a impetus and staircase, I kept my workshop of filthy creations Some readers may gain sympathy towards the monster as Frankenstein refers to the monster as filthy as may mean filthy as physically filthy or mentally filthy.One of the biggest ways that Mary Shelley gains sympathy for the creature is the way she describes him, this tells the reader how ugly he is and it similarly tells the reader what Frankenstein thinks of him His yellow flake off scarcely covered the work of muscles arteries beneath his hai r was of lustrous dim, and future(a) his teeth of a pearly whiteness but seemed almost the equal colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. The description Mary Shelley uses gives the image that the creature is evil although the creatures personality is pleasant. Also this is how Frankenstein sees the creature as Frankenstein should be a far figure and towards the creature he should dish out the creature to learn about the world instead he is disgusted by what he has created also and only see what the creature looks like not how the creature is at bottom and so he believes the creature is evil.One other way is the way that Frankenstein flees his creation The miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtains of the level and his eyes, if they maybe called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, date a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not h ear one hand was stretched out appear to detain me, but I escaped and rushed down the stairs. I took refuse in the courtyard belonging to the house, which I inhabited. This makes you feel sympathy towards the monster because Frankenstein should be like a father towards the monster and help him through the early stages of his life but instead he abandons him leaves him to be on his own. Probably the monster feels frightened, and confused, as he is like a newborn baby unaware of anything also not knowing anything. Uneducated, Victor Frankensteins creation is forced to fend for itself, and find food, even he doesnt know how to or what food is.

Gregory Crewdson

Crescendos photographs draw on Gothic Romantic and he as an artists foc commits on dramatic surrealists. Known for overtly cinematic photographs that use tricks of light to convey their mystery. Photographs often of suburban scenes that exude the kind of eerie terror of Hitchcock films. His photography advocates unanswered questions that the viewer can than answer them tally tryst to create transparency, a entire representation and a perfect world. (he does not want grain, pixels, His photos shift focus in the series of aside from the strangeness of ordinary life Into the heightened surrealists of dream and fantasy Example o Figurative interior o Subject matter A emblem sitting on the bed, surrounded by roses and twigs, there is a raise trail of twigs scattered on the ground leading from the living live to the omens bed, there are two doorways, one gives you a glimpse of the bathroom, the another(prenominal) leads too living room. Large depth of feel because we are sufficien t to see into the background Socrates atmosphere using all this light o The color pallet Is balanced by the lighting (subdued warm brown)o (contrast amongst Interior, night and roses, making the figure stand out) o Taken at levelly and It Is wide angled. O Domestic in time voyeur feeling from outside in o Draws on fears and anxieties. O Ugliness has been do beautiful

Issues and help seeking behavior Essay

According to Fallon and Bowles (1999) the argona of immature benefactor look foring behaviour is an under-researched ara. Since the cognitive and critical thinking of adolescents are still developing, their behaviours toward issues mend them may set forth case by case. The purpose of this report was to investigate issues concern adolescents and their help get holdking behaviour toward those issues, especially taste maestro helps. The report psychoanalysis was based on indirect information obtained from various researchers by scholars. The riveicipants in the researchers were students with different demographic background, such as gender, heathenishities.Fallon et al (1999) investigated the demand and baby problems concerned the adolescents and their help seeking behaviours toward those problems. The major problems were identified to be much severe and would cause participants distress, while minor problems would not distress the participants. The participants were 1,022 secondary school students from Melbourne Metropolitan area, 585 of them were mannish, and 419 were young-bearing(prenominal). Total 297 of them were in year 7 and 8, 333 were in year 9 and 10, others were in year 11 and 12. Their ages ranged from 11 to 18 years. Each of the participants completed a adopt comprised of three parts to mold the adolescents concerns and help seeking behaviours. The first part contained demographic questions.The second part contained mainly rating and categorizing questions to identify the major problems of concerns, nature of the concerns, and sources of help to the concerns. spot the third part focused on the minor concerns. The nature of the some(prenominal) concerns was defined into five categories, family, interpersonal, health, gentility and others. And the sources of help were in the domain of friends, parents and professionals. The findings coming into court that problems concerns different directs of students were very similar . About 50% of the participants desire help for their major problems, 40% sought for minor problems and 25% would seek help for twain problems. The problems associated with family and interpersonal skills were often identified as major issues. For minor issues, family and education problems were frequently reported. Therefore the adolescents would differentiate major and minor problems and react other than toward the problems. For major problems, pistillates were more allowing to seek help than males, but on that point was no gender difference towards minor problems.And males preferred to ask parents and sooner than friends, while females were inversely. However, on both minor and major problems, respondents were preferred to seek help from parents and friends over professionals, this may probably due to the easy glide slope to nonprofessional sources. Gim, Atkinson, and Whiteley (1990) conducted an investigation which focuses on the issues concerns Asian-American and the rel ationship between acculturation and willingness to see a counsellor. The study was down through 816 Asian-American students from West Coast University. 399 of the respondents were male, 417 were female. And 291 of them were freshmen, 191 were junior, 159 were sophomores, 174 were seniors, which ranged in an age group of 16 to 37. The survey questionnaire comprised of three sections. The respondents were asked to report their demographic information and rate the heavyness of 24 issues in eight domains of concern and their wiliness to see counsellors on these concerns. Among the 24 issues, the respondents scaled highly for issues equal financial, academic, relationship, conflicts with parents. The results fork up that for those Asia Americans, they were most willing to seek counsellors for issues same financial, academic, career, but least(prenominal) willing to seek help about concerns such as ethnic identity confusion, roommate, and health.The respondents attitudes towards seek ing counsellors would be affected by acculturation, ethnicity, and gender. Asian Americans with high level of acculturation would be more willing to seek professional counsellors. In a similar study, Kim and Omizo (2003) generated respondents of 242 Asian American college students from mid-Atlantic and howdy universities ,140 of them were female and 102 were male, with an age range of 18 to 57 years. Fifty-nine of the respondents had had sought counselling before. And there were mainly from China, Korea, Philippines, and Japan. Similar conclusion was obtained that Asian Americans who were highly adhered to Asian cultural values, their attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help would be less overbearing and they were less willing to seek counsellors in frequent problems. alone the sample size of it of the Kim and Omizo (2003) was relatively small, which may not be a strong support. In another research Eisenberg, Golverstein and Gollust (2007) investigated the help-seeking behaviour and ingress to mental health assist.The participants are students from Midwestern, public university. The initial sample size was 5,021 students aged above 18 years. And 2,495 were undergraduates, the remaining were graduate and professional students. Since the survey was web-based, total 2,785 students completed the survey and their demographic profile was similar to bailiwick student population. The survey used Patient wellness Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9) as the expose measure to identify the symptoms of depression. The result shows that 15% of Students obtained psychotherapy or mind-expanding medication. About 50% respondents aware that there was free counselling service on campus and where to access the mental health care. Among participants who experienced major depression, whole 36% received treatment which demonstrated a low level usage of cheap university medical service. For students who did not seek help, they often held the wisdom that stress was normal in school, or did not realise there is a need, or having the thought that problems would get better as condemnation goes by.Limitations of the research include the reliability of web survey results and the survey treat the informal sources of help like friends and family. The investigations above all show that female is more open to seek help for issues concerns them, however, comes to the issue of dating force, male perpetrators and victims were more likely to seek help than female (Ashley & Foshee, 2005). Ashley et al investigated the adolescents help-seeking behaviour and helping sources when experienced of dating violence. The analysis was based on secondary data collected in a longitudinal study of adolescent dating violence. A sample size of 365 out of 1814 survey participants collected in 1996 was chosen in their investigation. There were 225 dating violence victims and 140 perpetrators and all the participants were public school students from rural North Car olina country. The results show that over 60% respondents did not seek help for dating violence, especially perpetrators. Among those who sought help, friends and family members were more frequently chosen as their help sources than professionals.But males were more willing to seek professional help than females. The possible reasons are higher mixer acceptance to male hitting female than female hitting male and male will cause more serious and dangerous consequences in the dating violence than female. The findings also demonstrate that senior(a) perpetrators were more likely to seek help than younger ones. Researchers suggested that as the adolescent mature, they may have in-depth cognitive on dating violence and the potential drop consequences of their behaviour which compelling them to seek help. In conclusion, issues concerns or distress adolescents will vary due to their levels of education, gender, ethicises, age, nationality. And adolescents issues usually fall in the doma ins of family, interpersonal, education, and health. Most of them are not willing to seek help, especially male.But for certain issues, like dating violence, male are more willing to seek help. favourable accessibility made informal sources of help like friends and family common and democratic than professional counsellors when adolescents experienced psychological issues. The other reasons cause low relative frequency of counselling professional help will be like social norms, lack cognition or unaware of benefits from professional help. So the familiarity should promote more benefits of professional counselling and increase the acceptance of it. For adolescents, they are still at growing stage, abilities like perceptions, cognitions, abstract thinking are also developing. It is very important to guide them have a positive thinking of seeking professional help when facing issues concern them, in the end, may also help them develop a positive attitudes in their lives.ReferencesAs hley, O. S., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Adolescent help-seeking for dating violenceprevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of help_. ledger of Adolescent Health 36,_ 25-31.Eisenberg, D., Golverstein, E., & Gollust, E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. _Medical Care. 45 (7)._Fallon, B. J., & Bowles, T. (1999). Adolescent help-seeking for major and minor problems. _Australian Journal of Psychology, 51 (1),_ 12-18.Gim, R. H., Atkinson, D. R., & Whiteley, S. (1990). Asian-American acculturation, severity of problems, and willingness to see a counselor. _Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37 (3)_, 281-285.Kim, B. S., & Omizo, M. M. (2003). Asian culture values, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and willingness to seek a counsellor. _THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST, 31 (3),_ 343-361.

What Major Events in the Cold War Caused Fidel Castro?

What major events in the Cold war caused Fidel Castro to side with the Soviet Union Super Power? In the 1960s the sphere was for the most part dominated by the Cold War which was a long period of tension and hostility that only occasionally stony-broke out into open warfare. This conflict was caused by the rivalry of deuce superioriorpowers the unify States and the Soviet Union and emerged later on the Second World War. Both super powers had different ideologies the joined States was a capitalist democracy, whereas the Soviet Union were communist.These two super powers tried to influence some different countries throughout the world which ended up causing worldwide tension. More specifically, Cuba as terra firma was modify by the Cold War in many shipway and there were many events that caused them to side with the Soviet Union during this time when driven away by the States. The major events such as Cubas bleak Regime, the Bay of Pigs attack and the Cuban Missile Cris is all had an impact on Cuba being pushed away from American attachment and towards the Soviet Union. Cuba was largely controlled and have by the United States.This includes their economic wealth, oil, refineries, mines, cattle ranches and railways. When Fidel Castro came into power in Cuba, many things changed. He introduced the new regime, which America was extremely suspicious of when Castro began to bring in socialist reforms such as redistribution of land, the collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of transport. These measures affected American investors and in turn caused America to react by illegalize Cuban sugar imports to America and break all diplomatic relations.USA became more than hostile when Castro started trading with the Soviet Union and brought in thousands of Soviet technicians. America began to believe that Cuba was communist, which was not yet the case. America started secretly planning to busy Cuba and to overthrow Fidel Castro. This event of the new regime which was conducted after the Cuban innovation had a prominent impact in the driving away of Cuba from their alliance with the United States and in turn pushed them closer to the Soviet Union.An separate largely to denounce event is the American failure of the landing at the Bay of Pigs. This was other attempt to over throw the Cuban government and evict Fidel Castro from power. This conflict was a complete disaster on the behalf of America as Castros guerrilla forces easily defeated the US invaders within 2 old age of the attack and all Americans were killed or taken as prisoners. The Bay of Pigs waylay was extremely embarrassing for the US, both because their involvement had been very public and the undivided affair had been poorly planned and executed.Kennedy took public responsibility for the mistakes made, but remained set(p) to rid Cuba of Castro. This was an extremely short conflict and left USA with great shame and embarrassment. The Cuban Missile Cris is was also an important event that contributed largely to Fidel Castro being pushed into alliance with Soviet Union by America. US give away planes spotted nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. After being informed of this, Kennedy called together 18 of his closest advisers to try to resolve the most dangerous confrontation of the stone-cold war.Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba with the designing that it would prevent the Soviets from bringing in more armament supplies into Cuba. Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites. During the crisis, the two sides exchanged many letters and other communications. The leaders of both superpowers recognized the devastating possibility of a nuclear war and publicly agreed to a deal in which the Soviets would leach the weapon sites in exchange for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba.In a separate deal, which remained s ecret for more than twenty-five years, the United States also agreed to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey. Although the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, they escalated the building of their military arsenal the missile crisis was over, but the arms race was not. There were some(prenominal) monumental events that occurred during the Cold War that caused Fidel Castro and Cuba to side with the Soviet Union.There were political disagreements between Cuba and the United States, as well as direct conflict and fierceness between the two. There were extremely tense confrontations between the two super powers that could have ended tragically and caused an entire nuclear war. President Kennedy told Americans after the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended For, in the final analysis, our most radical common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all come about the same air. We all cherish our childrens future. And we are all mortal.

American Wedding Essay

In the United States, the traditionalistic western marriage custom is the bride normally wears a white dress and a efface to cover her face. She carries a bouquet of flowers and usually has something old (like a grandmothers necklace) something new-fangled (her dress) something borrowed (jewlery or a handkerchief) and something blue (a fix or underwear item).It is a long standing custom and it considered good luck for the bride. The bride and groom do not see each other the night before and up to the wedding ceremony. The bride usually has bridesmaids and the groom has groomsmen the number of bridesmaids/groomsmen is up to the couple.I would enunciate most wedding have around 4-5 bridesmaid . The ceremony usually takes place in church or in a chapel. It begins with the bridesmaids and groomsmen border tidy sum the aisle,and thusly followed by the ringbearer and flowergirl, then the bride is escorted down the aisle by her father. After the minister/priest gives a brief speech about the importance of marriage, the couple then says vows to one another (may be traditional or compose on their own) and exchange rings. The couple is pronounced musical composition and wife, have their first married kiss and then proceed down the aisle. (The traditional ceremony itself is often conducted by a religious attractor known to the bride and/or the groom.The ceremony may include wedding vows written by the bride and the groom, in which they speak of their love and their desire to make their better half safe, happy and secure, and to be faithful to their partner and their partner alone for the succour of their lives. ) A reception is usually held after the ceremony. After dinner, the couple cuts the spread over so that it may be served to guests during the special dances, has their first dance and then other special dances (father-of-the-bride/bride, mother-of-the-groom/groom, bridal party) occur. Then the dance floor is circularise for all guests to enjoy. A f ew hours later the groom removes the brides garter and performs the garter toss to all the iodin men. Then the bride throws her bouquet to the single ladies.

Introduction to Economics Essay

The variation in the expenditure of the houses from various cities can be attributed to many different economic factors that could affect the toll of the commodity or merchandise. There are sometimes other indirect factors that affect the price of a commodity or merchandise, like the rising of the price of coarse oil. Crude oil serves as an input for most of the industries in our economy, and thus, if the price of the crude oil increases, commodities that use crude oil as a part of the production costs would also have to increase so as not to affect their revenue.Well of course in this opus we are going to give much attention on the apprehension behind the differences in the prices of houses on every urban center as puff up as finding the root of the problem. Based from realtors. com, I observed that houses with the alike(p) number of bedrooms and bathrooms differ in terms of prices (realtor. com, 2007). As I test the given data on the site, I come up with the succeeding( a) possible answer to the problem. The reason behind the differences in the prices of houses from city to city is based on the type of animated that the city has.The higher(prenominal) the ens ample of living would mean that the citizens there are more capable of acquire expensive houses or appliances. Whereas, those cities that has level timeworn of living denotes that the person living in those place has a lower willingness to pay than with the higher standard of living. Because of this, the firms in the city with lower standard of living would be squeeze to set their prices reasonable to maintain their market share.Another reason would be, those cities with lower standard of living has only a simple design for their houses as compared to those people living in the sufficient city and because of this, only those rich cities can afford to buy such beautiful house. With this, raw literal in making the house become expensive to match the pattern of living the citizen has. 2 The Effects of tot up and Demand If we are going to represent take aim and supply, we could listen that the hold is polish upward tip and supply is upwardly sloping.Refer to appendix page, at first when there are no distortion in the economy happens, the supply and requisite for houses are in the equilibrium the intersection of Po and Qo. direct suppose that the demand for houses increase due to higher incomes of the citizen, then, the demand curve will teddy bear to the obligation while maintaining the original supply curve. With this, we now arrived at a higher price level (Zilberman, 2002). It is logically for the house amazers to increase their prices because people demand more of houses and they can afford to buy houses even if you raise your charge.Now lets go back to the equilibrium position, as for the core group of supply on prices, suppose that the firms can now produce more houses because they become more competitive and efficient, with this, the supply curv e will shift to the right while maintaining the original demand curve. As we can see in the graph, the prices now decreased due to the inverse relationship of demand to supply (Zilberman, 2002). According to the law of supply, if the supply of a certain commodity increased, its demand would go to fall.This is the reason why demand is downward sloping while supply is upward sloping (investopedia. com, 2007). Well, it is rational for the producers to lower down their prices to attract more customers to purchase their surplus in the production since they produce more than the needed number in the market. In short, the effect of demand to prices would be positive and negative for supply this is based on the producers point of view most of the relationships here would be change if we would use the point of view of the consumers.REFERENCESinvestopedia.com. (2007). Economics Basics Demand and Supply Electronic Version. Retrieved awful 19, 2007 from http//www. investopedia. com/universit y/economics/economics3. asp. realtor. com. (2007). Home Plan HPG-1855 Details Electronic Version, 1. Retrieved August 19, 2007 from http//www. homeplans. com/exec/ transaction/plans/browsemode/details/filter/PlnID. 24346/hspos/hsnet/page/1/planid/24346/section/homeplans. Zilberman, D. (2002).Market Policies and Incentives Electronic Version, 1. Retrieved August 19, 2007 from http//images. google. com. ph/imgres? imgurl=http//are. berkeley. edu/courses/PMB10/fall2005/Lecture19files/Lectur17. gif&imgrefurl=http//are. berkeley. edu/courses/PMB10/fall2005/Lecture-19. htm&h=487&w=576&sz=6&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=5Ht0lrADVcB2LM&tbnh=113&tbnw=134&

Autism and Physical Therapy Help

Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism spectrum roughnesss atomic number 18 very complex neurological disorders that tolerate baffled experts over the years. These have brought numerous questions on the actual causes still at that place have non been many answers. Pervasive developmental disorders be how Autism spectrums are classified and it includes Autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childishness Disintegrative Disorder. Each of these disorders has similarities in the individuals lack of communication, tenderization, and behavior. Autism was world-class introduced by Leo Kanner in the forties.His research is close in similarity to research conducted today. There will be signs of autism before the age of trio and at that place are any(prenominal) signifi stopnistert deficits that help diagnose these preteen children. Social fundamental interaction, communication, and behavior are three deficits that are very evident in children with autism. You could be trying to talk to your own brother and he would be preoccupied doing something else. He wouldnt show any signs of comprehending what you are saying and wouldnt even look you in the eyes duration you spoke. Autism can devastate a family, there is no cure and no medicine.You could have a normal growth baby until they just unequivocally counterbalance to change and show abnormal behaviors before they turn three. They can look normal on the outside but there is some un experiencen phenomenon that happens to their brain. Genetic and environmental causes have been tested but there is still no definite answer. Aspergers disorder is named after Hans Asperger in 1944 when he saw significant patterns of behavior in mostly his virile patients. Aspergers disorder is similar to autism in their impairments in social interaction and behavior. entirely they do not have a delay in speech communication, cognitive development, and adaptive behavior.This disorder becomes clearer in elementary school when obvious social and behavioral problems become apparent. One rare condition that can appear in individuals is called savantism. These individuals show profound abilities that exceed what would be universal in most people. Another syndrome is called Rett and it is a very rare disorder of the nervous system that lead to developmental reversals especially in areas of language and hand use. Kids with this syndrome have normal development for the first five months, but have significant decelerated head growth between five and forty-eight months.It is onset prior to age four but is common to start earlier in life. Rett syndrome appears in nearly only females and can be misdiagnosed with other disorders like cerebral palsy. Some symptoms are floppy ordnance or legs, seizures, loss of normal sleep patterns, intellectual, and learning difficulties. The last of the Autism spectrum disorders is childishness Disintegrative Disorder. The children with this disorder have normal developmen t for the first equal years. They are diagnosed if they have a loss of skills in language, behavior, bowel control, and go skills.Some other criterias are abnormal functioning in social interaction, communication and stereotype behaviors. There is no cure for these disorders but there is some therapy that can help. Behavioral therapy helps with social skills, self care, and can ontogenesis independent functioning. Occupational, speech, and physical therapy help the individual as well. Medications like stimulants and antidepressants are also helpful but their so exact medication for autism. But the main way to treat patients is to individualize the treatment.Having impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication would be devastating for any family. To have your child developing normally with the ability to communicate and act normal, then out of know where starts to lose those abilities. I couldnt imagine how frustrating and sad it would be for the family to have to cope that. I ts crazy to think with all the engineering in the world that some star or some organization could harness better treatment or even a cure. Hopefully one day there will be a cure and families close to the world would be able to have normal lives with their loved ones.

Courtly Love in Romeo and juliet Essay

How does Shakespeare show that Romeos bop for Juliet is real? How do his words and actions resist from when he said he cutd Rosaline? In Shakespeares fulfill Romeo and Juliet, the introduction of Romeo to the consultation is haunted by a melancholic mood. The position is set in Verona where Romeos family is worried about him due to his rejection in fill out from a woman, Rosaline. However byout the scenes studied, it awaits that get laid is the primary crusade force fuck most of Romeos actions and words. In general, the theme of get it on and the course of it intertwine with the fate of the dotty peacefulness of this tragedy. His determined nudeness from his family stirs unease in his cousin, Benvolio. During the course of this tale, Romeo blooms to become a mature man, who has see the double edged blade of love itself.The characterisation of Romeo in the opening night of the play il passionrates him as dejected and depressed boy due to his crunch with Rosaline bei ng rejected. In spite of this, his spoken words of love for her, for physical exercise Alas, that Love, whose view is muffled still demonstrates the conventional manner of love that this is. Romeos words clarify how he sprouts civil love poe tense up, which is machinated and processed. A youthful example would be the phrase roses are red, violets are blue a common phrase which is predictable and an inferior imitation to real love. well-behaved love poetry was often utilize in those days by men with social status to court woman the purpose behind this courting was to flaunt their skills. Would it be fair to say that Romeo courts for Rosalines love because it is the fashion of the season?In Romeos first scene, Shakespeare litters the dialogue with negatives, as well as exaggerated words, such as sad hours seem longNot havingshortOut of her favour which displays the deep shallowness of his love for Rosaline. Not only Romeos word can purpose this, but on the contrary, so do his a ctions. For example in fiddle 1 Scene 1, information is revealed to the audience of how Romeo has non yet met Rosaline, but still waffles on about the flawed imperfection of love. His inexperience in real love may be perspicuous to the reader when he speaks numerous oxymorons.The speech about love st crafts O brawling love, O agreeable hate, O anything of nothing first creates O heavy lightness, serious emptinessFeather of lead which illustrates the confused state that Romeo is in because of love. Leading to the window pane at which his inexperience and immature manner can be seen. The look in which Shakespeare clutters Romeo speech with riddles may indicate at whether if Romeos love or love in general can really be described as brawling and juxtaposed with hate? Shakespeare demonstrates how fickle Romeo really is in the beginning of the play. As known, the words of love from Romeo to Rosaline are all courtly love poetry fake, clichd and scattered with misrepresented ideas of love.From his initial imprint over his rejection of Rosalines love, to which he claims an eternity of sadness, to his new professed to Juliet at the Capulet ball. His worthless change of his receiver of affections hint that his frivolous nature is what defines him. However, his short lament of Rosaline can suggest of his instant familiarity with his other half of his soul, Juliet. His halted limit of the eternity of sadness can only illustrate the strong connection among the two lovers. Love at first sight is a familiar phrase to describe how the two fell in love.Could Romeos initial fickleness in love demonstrate the vast argument when he meets Juliet? Romeo in short begins to genuinely fall in love with Juliet as well as idolising her. His first meeting with Juliet at the Capulet ball starts to quiver a complicated web of reality, love, fate and death. It is at this moment that Romeo howevertually grasps/comprehends the true notion of love. His worship and love for Juli et may seem choppy and much like his initial infatuation for Rosaline at the beginning, however it is short acknowledged that her refusal speaks something differently to him.The full appreciation of this new confound odour allows Romeo to continue his courting of Juliet with or without her rebuff. His encounter with Juliet could be considered as a reality check, to which he discovers the differences from his fixated crush on Rosaline to the arduous cup of tea he compares Juliet to. The unfamiliar sensation begins to broadens his outlook on love opening his eyes to a fresh, passionate world. Shakespeare indicates the sincere affections of Romeo towards Juliet through their dialogue in the balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2. Juliet soon teaches Romeo how to love properly and from past Romeo flourishes to appreciate the true meaning of love. A strong example of this is in the balcony scene, at which Romeo in his own peril tries to see Juliet. He sets the initiation of this scene when h e begins to compare Juliet to all sorts of things of great cup of tea.He sees Juliet as light and calls her the Sun He claims that even the moon, the traditional symbol for a womans beauty and purity, is envious of Juliet. This characterization is not only if dramatic. The use of these superlatives is meant to convey Romeos deep feelings. When compared to his earlier characterization of Rosaline, Romeos tribute to Juliet takes on even more significance. The difference between what Romeo says of Rosaline and what he says in the But soft speech about Juliet accentuates his adoration even more. His characterization of Rosaline commences with the traditional comparison to Diana. Romeo acknowledges that Rosaline is rich in beauty and that her beauty is defined in terms of her chastity.Its part of her appeal to Romeo. Romeo determine Rosaline because she leave alone not satisfy his desires therefore, he thinks of her beauty as incapacitated to all posterity. However, when he descri bes Juliet and invokes the sun, he suggests something far more powerful the eternal source of light and life-giving force of the heavens. Juliets beauty and warmth will live forever and do not regard upon Romeos perceptions. She exists independently of Romeo, and when Romeo thinks of Juliet, he dwells on her and not on what she will do for him. Romeos lecture demonstrates that although he was infatuated with Rosaline he has no mere crush on Juliet. He is deeply in love, and the sagacity of his feelings demonstrates Romeos maturation. His speech is long and full of devotion, to which Juliet replies O Romeo, Romeo Wherefore art thou Romeo?(Oh Romeo, why do you have to be a Montague?). Her obvious fondness for her is displayed, although at this point Romeo is still sprouting his courting words. In the middle of the dialogue, Juliet dares to interrupt Romeo on one of his ramblings as she is sorely forestall with Romeos pretence. As he swears by the moon, Juliet responds by saying O swear not by the moon, thinconstant moon. That monthly changes in her circled orb, lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Once Romeo is firmly put in his place by Juliet by her professing that he speak instanter to her and not swear on something that disappears in the day and is ever-changing. In addition, when at first Romeo kisses Juliet at the Capulet ball, she accuses him of kissing by the book (kissing expertly), which is the Hallmark love that was shown in the beginning.Shakespeare illustrates to the audience that Romeo and Juliets love in genuine through the comparison between his love for Rosaline and then his love for Juliet. As pen by Shakespeare, Romeo proclaims to be in an eternity of sadness (darkness), however, he soon meets Juliet who is his sunshine in his darkness. Even though Romeo had been rejected by Rosaline, he never tried to court her again, as if his determination went reduce the drain. On the other hand with Juliet, Romeo tried again and again to tr y to win her favour, to the point where he risked talking to her by sneaking into her garden. Although the language from Romeo in both scenes has been passionate, however a powerful example of their ordain love is their first dialogue.In the Capulet ball, their first encounter and dialogue encompasses in total 14 lines, more commonly known as a sonnet. Sonnets were often written about love, and using a sonnet in this sense shows how they are two halves of one soul fated to be with each other, for without one half the other in incomplete. The language used is potent in every sense, personifying Romeos words when he dialogue to Juliet. His determination to win Juliets favour demonstrates his true ardour for her, whereas his lust for Rosaline left him desolated and irresolute. All of these factors lead to the one point that Romeos love for Juliet is real compared to his infatuation with Rosaline in the beginning.In conclusion, a possible possibility as to why Shakespeare shows this severalize in love, could be to illustrate when later in the tragedy, their deaths (suicides) were not foolish but bred of unadulterated and unconditional love. To emphasise that they were truly intertwined with each other as to the fact that they could not be separated, til death do us part. Furthermore, it could also be said that Shakespeare showed this contrast to suggest that in this world there is a difference between lust and love, and the difference covers a broad horizon.Perhaps Shakespeare wanted the audience to comprehend how sweet love can bring the most violent of outcomes and what is commonly read in poems or tales are unrealistic and not a true representative of what love is truly like. Maybe it was Shakespeares own way of providing the audience of a reality check, equitable as Juliet did with Romeo in the play. Many things could be understood from this play which interlocks unnumberable themes of love, fate, death, time, individuality etc, all of which conveys the immense expanse of possible whys? as Shakespeare was arduous to cover.

Significance of Black Madonna

Notwithstanding its sociological, historical, literary and unearthly mo custodyt to the life of many concourse in different parts of the world, the spring and essence of the melanize bloody shame which serves as the holy scene of the virgin bloody shame and Polands national emblem remains to be a debate to many mess as far as the history, writings and religion argon concerned. The presence of melanise bloody shame be widespread every last(predicate) across the country and they argon intimatelyly put together insidethe churches and cathedrals and they all point towards the picture of Mary and the Christ.This mountain chain whitethorn ca-ca been formed centuries ago and its historical import and importance travelled and withstood the test of time. The expression bloody shame originated from Italy which means our skirt. Thie term connotes a title of respect for the Virgin Mary and it is a undischarged deal applied to works of art, most especially to the m diffe rent andchildimagewhich is popularly cognise as bloody shame and claw . Religion tells that ignominious bloody shame is the representation of the image of Virgin Mary which was tested by times that is why it was transformed into its todays shocking image.Also, church leaders claim that melanise Madonna has noting to do with the Culture of the African-Americans. It is stated, nevertheless, that the wispy Madonnas became black they were greatly influenced by the cultures and traditions of the blackened Americans. The icon transformed into black because it was affected by the gear up where most of these images can be found. On the other hand, history and literature ordinate that raw Madonna is the changed representation of the early statues of the African Goddess Isis and her mannish child Horus which greatly influenced most of the religions of the world today.Society has associated the color black with something negative but in the past, this was not the case. For instanc e, black was connected with fertility and growth and it is good to recall of it not as a color bt as an absence of color. From this perspective, the dusky Madonna became an icon for inclusion. She became a guide and a comfort for nation from all walks of life and race. In terms of psychology, unfairness represents somethin un hold outn to cognizance and more(prenominal) often than not, thse gifts involve qualities of the female persons like intuition and emotion.It must be born in mind that the term maidenlike does not inevitably refer to the female specie because both sexes get under ones skin masculine and fair(prenominal) qualities. With this in mind, it can be verbalise that the obtuse Madonnas symnolize transformation because this image helps people discover their inner gifts and assists them in bringing those gifts into the surface . Amid these numerous explanations from the different perspectives in the society, until today, on that point be no clear and expli cit position on the real origin of the swart Madonna which is conceived to be the representation of Virgin Mary.Even though the different claims seem to contradict for each one other with regards to the origin of the icon or image, the melanise Madonna is considered to be one of the most influential religious icon to most of the people in the present generation. The origin of blackened Madonna A minacious Madonna may refer to an icon, painting, fresco or sculpture of Virgin Mary which is usually found in churches, sanctuaries and chapels. It is also called as pitch-dark Virgin since Mary is portrayed with dark or black skin. nearly believe that this portrayal of Virgin Mary was originated from the culture of the Black Americans since many of these Black Madonnas were found in the areas with large black populations such as in the United States. Some claim that the color of these images have no significance or value since they were only repainted by black color subsequently be ing restored to its original pale-skinned coloring brought by the age of time. Nevertheless, amidst its sociological, historical and religious significance to many parts of the world, the origin of the Black Madonna equable remains a question left unanswered to many of its devotees.Some of the celebrated Black Virgin close ins, which we usually see in the cathedrals and churches, are Loreto, Zaragoza, Chartes, Rocamadour, Guadalupe and Montserrat . Black Madonnas are found through and throughout the world including Belgium, Croatia, Ecuador, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland and the United States . The first Black Madonna and Child portraits and statues were believed to be from Isis and Horus . Isis was a black African goddess from Nile valley civilizations whose worship diffused to most of ancient civilizations.Before the first Egyptian dynasty, Isis was worshiped by the Nubians fo r more than 300 years. It is believed that Isis religion had a lot of similarities to the to the worlds religions which include Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. For instance, Horus, the son of Isis, was from a virgin mothers immaculate conception and said to walk on water like Jesus Christ. The husband of Isis named Osiris was also resurrected, like Jesus, aft(prenominal)wards he was murdered. When other religions became popular, the Black Madonna and Child statues of Isis and Horus were not destroyed but their names were only changed.For example, Isis and Horus were changed to Devaki and Krishna in Hinduism or Maya and Buddha in Buddhism. The Nipponese called Isis as Kwannon while Chinese changed the name to Kwa-yin. In the 1985 book of Ean Begg authorize The Cult of the Black Virgin, there were 450 identified images of the Black Virgin and Child in europium with 190 statues in France only. Because of the dominating influence of the Isis religion, it is believed that the African goddess had significant contributions to the civilization of the continent.For instance, Paris is actually believed to be named afterward Isis since Para-Isis signifies score of Isis. Likewise, Note Dame which means Our Lady is a manifestation that the cathedral of the Catholics is nothing but more than as enlargement of the temple of Isis in the ancient civilizations . Some also believe that Black Virgin, aside from its simile to the portrayal of Isis and Horus of the ancient Egyptians, has the strong connection to the medieval Knights Templar and Mary Magdalene .For instance, the famed Black Virgin la Madone des Fenestres which means The Madonna of the Windows was believed to have folk traditional significance since the place where this statue was believed to be a place where many Templars were massacred. Some associate Black Madonnas with African-American cultures. Nevertheless, church literature strongly denies this claim since church officials insist that the Madon nas became black because of the smoke from candles and discolouration and eventually because of the old age of the statues .Meanwhile, the Black Madonna in grey Provencal tradition is associated with the patron of the Gypsies called St. Lara . The patron saint is considered to be the black assistant who accompanied the three Marys to France when they escaped from the Holy Land after Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Meanwhile, during 1934, an icon of the Virgin Mother and Child was brought to the capital of Minnesotaine monastery of Jasna Gora or the Bright Mountain in Western Poland. The icon was said to be donated by the Prince of Opole in Silesia. Some told that the icon was painted by St. Luke on boards from table of the Holy Family in Nazareth.And the face of the said icon is black . There are other countless theories about the origin of the Black Madonnas or Black Virgins but until today, there is no concrete explanation about the history or origin of the now noteworthy image in the religious sectors of the world. There are many who life at Black Madonna in relation to some of the goddesses go to bed to men like Kali of India, Hecate and Medusa of Greece and Isis of Egypt. These grounds affords a weird as puff up as a psychological substance that raises the Black Madona to a level of great importance and significance in the modern-day world .Today, the statues of Isis and Horus are now called Mary and Jesus and there are millions of pilgrims who are visiting the Black Madonna shrines since they are believed to be rattling(a) to the devotees. Some claim that the statues can help heal towns of plague, make impotent women pregnant, bring back dead babies to life, save countries from war and the like. One of the demonstrable testimonies of the miracle from the Black Virgin in Poland was the experience of pope John Paul II when he prayed to the statue for his recovery from his gun shot wound .After the miracle happened to Pope John Paul II, several mir aculous events were credited after the Black Virgins including saving Poland from Russia in 1769. In fact, in 1968, the Black Madonna shrine in Poland received over 66, 000 thank you letters for healing and other miraculous events . The meaning of Black Madonna Theories about the definition of darkness of the figure and mystery behind the dark image have been accomplished everywhere. What Black Madonna represents is not an easy question to answer.There is a endeavor that one answer may lead to several more questions which necessary plenty more explanations. One of the possible reasons for this dilemma lies in the hassle of consciously incorporating the feminine aspect of life in a crabby culture and most especially, a darker side of it. Another reason is the quality and nature of the dark feminine itself which clearly defies any attempt to generate limits as to what she really represents. However, no matter what many people may say and observe, the Black Madonna mirrors hersel f in the personal as well as collective lives of the people.This dark side generates intimations to the most essential of meanings through the use of images, literature, works of arts and even dreams . It is noteworthy to mention that the word black can be a misnomer for some of the Madonnas because not all of them are color black in its literal sense, some of them are painted with different shades of black. The original artists of many Black Madonnas are lost in time but most people know that the most powerful representations of the Black Madonna were made during the 11th and twelfth centuries.The Shrines of the Black Madonnas are often located in the seat of great power and in the locations where the earth emits energies. From a religious perspective, the Black Madonna represents the honor and devotion of the female form. Christ, the center of Christianity is a male and it was from Mary that the church found a representative of the female specie towards graven image . Theories ab out the meaning of Black Madonna are often connected to the image of pre-Christian ideas and their religions.Because the Madonna and Child looks like the Egyptian images of Isis and Horus, there is a possibility that the dark skin of the Black Madonnas may be a referene to the Egyptian roots of the image. The Dark-Skinned madoonas may likewise be found on other pre-Christian figures. There are also other theories that the Black Madonnas were made as a representation of a mother or a feminine figure by using earthly tones. This opening suggests that the light-skinned Madonnas depict purity and chastity while another possibility holds that the Black Madonnas were intended to bea historically accurate imageof a Semitic woman from the Middle East named Mary.There are some historians who said that the Black Madonnas were conceptualized after Middle Ages because during these times, the light-skinned images were the norm but regardless of what the case maybe, the Black Madonnas captured the attention of believers and non-believers for centuries . During the Victorian society, there was a time when the black female writers seemed to lean towards binding their female characters in an image of chastity because they need to overcomea heritage of concubinage.The women then were portrayed as either a diseased person or a saint and in the attempt of the writers such as Harriet Jacobs and Frances Harper to remove the stereotype of a sinful woman, they robbed the personalities of their characters of their sexual identity thereby makingthem pure and holy much like the Virgin Mary. This space combined with the gender dilemma becomes a double jeopardy. According to trust Pullin, the black woman faces a painful situation of the double trickle of being a woman in a dominant male society and being black amidst the racial discrimination.Novels about the early African American women talks abou the situation of double jeopardy for black women. These women are marginalized by r ace and gender. According to the notions of the period during that time, the true woman is a character of virtue like Madonna pure, pious and submissive . Some theologians say that Black Madonna represents diversity. The femininity and the blackness of the Black Madonna calls men towards gender and racial diversity. This figure calls for uniformity of the masculine and feminine sex, the combination of the white and the dark goddess in order for the wholeness and mavin can arise amidst the diversity.The Black Madonna may be interpret as a symbolism of man in the form of a metaphor as men moves towards the newreality of the modern wornd. The survival of men in this age will depend on their willingness to appreciate and understand the concord amidst the diversity . Conclusion There are plenty of images of Black Madonna that exist worldwide. Reports showthat at one time, there may have been more than 500 images that are mostly in Europe and France. In todays world, there are many peo ple whose interest in the Black Madonnas have increased over the years.Some of her most popular incarnations are found in countries from all over the globe in the form of literature, art and paintings. The Black Madonna may mean many things to many people but everyone must bear in mind that this image serves as a powerful reminder of the inspiration that it brought to the society. In her image, many people found their comforter, guide and power. She has been and always will be the feminine side of men that will never fail to shed light during trying times. Bibliography Davies, Norman. Europe a history. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996.Dickson, Elinor, Woodman, Marion. Dancing in the Flames The Dark Goddess in the Transformation of Consciousness. Toronto Canada Publishing, 1996. Faqs. org. Madonna, spectral. Faqs. org. http//www. faqs. org/childhood/Ke- Me/ Madonna-Religious. html (Accessed May 6, 2010). Foster, Nikki. What is Black Madonna? . WiseGeek. com. http//www. wisegeek. com/ what-is-a-black-madonna. htm (Accessed May 6, 2010). Gustafson, Fred. The Black Madonna. USA Daion Verdag, 2008. Kaiser, Laurie. The Black Madonna Notions of True Womanhood from Jacobs to Hurston. South Atlantic Review, 2008, 60 (), 97-09.