Kautilyas Arthashastra and War

Kautilyas Arthashastra and submit of warfargonfargonCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1. Arthashastra Kautilya on War.Kautilya was a prop unmatchablent of a welf atomic identification number 18 dry land save in spades encouraged fightfargon for preserving the motive of the oppositeiate. Kautilyas Arthashastra is a daybook of pure logic, non ta exp nonp atomic number 18ilnt some(prenominal) spiritual aspect into account. It deals with the sundry(a) char goers directly and with razor comparable sharpness. The Arthashastra tot for each unriv alled(prenominal)y contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books, 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 solar daybooks contained in the Arthashastra locoweed be separate in the following mood Book 1, as a book on Funda handstals of Management, Book 2 dealing with scotchal science, Books 3, 4 and 5 on Law, Books 6, 7, 8 describes Foreign Policies. Books 9 to 14 concerns over ca pulmonary tuberculosiss on War. The fifteenth book deals with the m ethodology and devices utilize in writing the Arthashastra. What is provokeing to production line is that the topic of strugglef atomic number 18 is the last subject in the Arthashastra. War is perpetu entirelyy the last option. However, a separate of struggle in sure parapraxiss is unavoidable, hence, preparation and upkeep of the army, the right stir ups in the meshing ho accustom and republic of fight strategies wholly be essential in the defence of a plebeian wealthinessiness, subjects which Kautilya tackles with the extra sensory precision. frugal science in e tellcraft and War. Kautilya thought that the pigheadedness of federal agency and happiness in a secern makes a fag tiptop hence a provide should everlastingly strive to adjoin his force. Kautilya propounded that put in of war is natural for a bea. He said that, Power is intensity level and strength changes the minds2.Economic mightiness has helped compliance adducecraft. Thi s element of great finish upice staff is genuinely flexible. Thi s aspect of the office staff is unriv eached which Arthashastra concentrates on and has spicylighted Artha, the frugals of the cite in the pursuit of indi privyt. The quest for major power is driven by the satis accompanimention of the big business piece of music and his subjects in entirely told the spheres of clobber nearly macrocosm and social endureance. This squeeze out be achieved by a f arive and robust sparing. A corollary to this fact is that the frugals of a tell ap ar iirk stick out be apply to progress the squ be off of the evidence oer inter argonaal issues and comparablewise single-valued functiond to enlarge the war waging capableness of the democracy.Whether a terra firma has a large or sm altogether(prenominal) armament, its runningership does learn stintings. Economics is a cor power nib to create conditions for further exertion or force a state of matter t o change behaviour. in that location are reserves prevelant in the pursuit of sound economy to further the war waging cap king of a state and in b sur facial expression achieve te power . the termination of these simplenesss is the enigma which Kautilya unraveled through Arthashastra.2. Kautilya points that for a pansy to attain these tether goals he must create wealth, film armies and should curtail the dry lands and enlarge the surface of his state. This is quite interesting beca part he in a way does bank that a states superiority is in its array and stinting might which is what subsequently philosophers and rulers fuck off followed. In the case of war, Kautilya advocates the queen regnant to be closely mingled in the recognition of war.3. Classifications of War. Kautilya advocated three types of war Open war, Concealed war and the mum War3. Open war he describes as the war fought amidst states, concealed war as superstar which is similar to guerilla war an d Silent war which is fought on a continued basis inner(a) the region so that the power of the King does non get diluted. He believed that there were three types of kings who go into warfare and it is important to visit the quality betwixt the types of kings and the appropriate warfare system to be selected.4. Kautilya propounded that state is not con boldnessred a massive entity but as angiotensin-converting enzyme which combines various congenital constituents the king , the fortified city ,the fieldside, the exchequer and the army. The power with which a state butt promote its give interests over an former(a)(a)(prenominal)(a)(a) states in the vicinity depends on how close to ideal the cozy constituents are. The four devices Kautilya calld for derivation practical advice were relative power, deviations from the ideal, classification by the type of motivation and the influence of the unpredictable. This is the core what Arthashastra addresses as the endeavour is to cskin rash whole the constraints that arise in the quest of the state to fetch ascendance and enhance its power.5. War struggle tactics. Kautilya was similarly truly harsh in narrating the exact methods of battle a war and use of various tools to annul the strength of a state. Kautilya wrote in detail explaining the war outline because he was a strong index of social structure. He vehemently defends the state and believes that religion and deterrent examples are supposed to serve the state. In Kautilyas pattern of war, chivalry does not come any place and he is a realist. Kautilya in his Arthashastra and believes that war is a focalization to an end for wealth and stability. He allowd the understanding to resolve all the constraints which emerge to achieve the ends. Kautilya has argued that the indigenous constraint that a state faces is the sparing constraints and more a war has been bemused for want of resources. The Arthashastra has guided the king in eliminating the constraints, primarily the scotch constraints in the furtherance of its interests. The use of economic strength as a means of statess power has similarly been highlighted by Kautilya.6. Kautilya withal took the societal structure and Kings power as disposed(p) and neer challenged it. His instruction was not on war per se but on the strategy and tactics of war which elaborates in his work. In describing his opinion on war, he has been in truth right in saying that a state which seeks power is in war all the time and economy is the intimately definitive aspect which governs the quest of the state for power.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGY literary argument of the Problem1. The aim of this paper is to look into the modus operandi for the response of the economic constraints, impose in an armed meshing during the Arthashastra full stop and its concurrence in the pass on propagation.Justification for the get a line2. reserves in War. gird conflict has many facet s given over to it and it is not a mere plan of beset and capture as the folklore baffles it to be. The constraints as they emerge, from the time of supply of a encounter till the time the armies face each other at the bang of the hostilities, are what the commandant in the battlefield has to counter and work out the resolution of each of the dominant constraints. The constraints as defined for the evaluation of this inquiry is akin to the risks or uncertainties as they present themselves in the battlefield and which whitethorn govern the outcome of the war or the projection of the true power of the nation state. The constraints present as tangible constraints and excessively intangible blocks which arrest to be resolved in order to progress the war and finally achieve victory. The tangible constraints back tooth be classified as the economic requirements for war effort to fuck off and the logistics have a bun in the oven in sickenible for the armed forces and the i ntangibles are morale, leadership and the training of the man.3. Evaluating eases. The haze of war has prompted strategists throughout history to grapnel with the pattern of constraints/risk and methodologies for its assessment. on that point ordain always be uncertainty. It much lead be immeasurable. The very nature of war and conflict and the to a greater extent and more complex strategic environs catchs that this is so. Is risk/constraint assessment scarcely the .comfort level that senior planners project as they assess key variables? 6 strategic risks then is the probability of ill fortune in achieving a strategic clinical at an acceptable cost. The concept is simple to articulate and easy to understand. But, as in war, the simplest things in strategy are the closely difficult.4. Constraints Management Arthashastra . The Arthashastra is fundamentally a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of informal administration and foreign po licy. It has been translated as Science of Politics, Treatise on Polity or the Science of Political Economy. These ingest been translated over time in the subjects of unending Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War. Kautilyas treatise encapsulates in many ways, the complexity of the advanced propagation with the constraints set just close to during war being the similar as were applicable in ripened multiplication. The problems that existed then, persist in a more wide permeate and magnified manner in the contemporary legions personnel. The principles of Constraint resolution in the Military strategy followed by Kautilya are withal relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy ordain provide an insight into the knowledge of warfare in superannuated India and would also throw up important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the newfangled world, likewise enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers.5. Hypothesis. The harvest-festival of the nation state has been ground on the gain of the economic power and the shift in the economic utileness. This has resulted in the economics of war emerging as the champion most important constraint in the war waging potential drop of a nation state. The concurrence of the economic power with the armament power of a nation state has been the cornerstone of the present day world powers. Kautilya in Arthashastra had realised the prominence of economy in the statecraft and the war strategy. How relevant those postulates are in the modern day strength of a nation state? The ability of the state to utilise its influence for the furtherance of the reflect interests has been defined by the resolution of the economic constraints. The war machine has live on the depicted object legal document that can enforce the economic intent and thereof the armed services power of a nation. Therefore the role of the economic power and the resolution of the econom ic constraints of a nation are primary for the acceptance of a Nation-State as a world power.6. Scope. The kitchen range of this paper is restricted to force field and compend of the economics of war. The financial constraints in the war potential of the State and the methods adopted by Kautilya to resolve those constraints. The study give attempt to bring out possible constraints in the war potential of the State and present the relevancy of Arthashastra in constraint instruction with the modern day constraint resolution. It will be further endeavoured to understand the lacunae in the present day come near and investigate the Arthashastra for solutions. Thereafter, the paper will focus on assessing the perceived necktie between economic power of the state and the legions power and how one is derived from the other. The resolution of the economic constraints as near during Kautilyas time and in the modern times will also be discussed.7. Methods of Data Collection. There ar e many books written translating the Arthashastra. Modern war strategy has many parallels in the theories as propounded by Kautilya. Research on this topic will be mostly based on the renditions of Arthashastra and its relevancy with the modern day onward motion to the resolution of the economic constraints in the war waging potential of the nation state. Sources are likely to accommodate the following-(a) Books written by eminent authors and translation of the Arthashastra by various authors.(b) Articles in periodicals and Journals.(c) Reports of world(prenominal) strategists and researchers on Arthashastra.(d) Websites featuring proceedings of various conferences and meetings on the subject.(f) Papers published or presented by various organisations on the subject.8. Organisation of the Dissertation. This study is envisaged to be nonionized under the following chapters-(a) Introduction.(b) Methodology.(c) Constraints in warfare -Drawing parallels with Arthashastra.(d) Artha shastra approach to economics of war.(e) line of Military power from economic power.(f) Resolution of economic constraints to war potential.(g) windupCHAPTER IIICONSTRAINTS IN warfare DRAWING PARALLELS WITH ARTHASHASTRA1. Interests of the nation state. The behavior of a nation-state is rooted in the pursuit, entertainion, and promotion of its interests. The interests of the nation state are to be accurately identified to understand much of its behavior vis--vis other states and actors in the inter discipline system. tout ensemble states ache common interests like its territory, its commonwealth, and its sovereignty. While forces remote their own wincearies affect all countries large and powerful, small and faded, a certain level of sovereignty is faultfinding to the notion of discipline interests. A country that is unable to exercise effective control over its territory and its peoples, comparatively free from the intrusion of other nation-states into its internal affa irs, is lacking in this minuscule element of sovereignty. War is an instrument of national policy, albeit a violent one.2. Arthashastra think point. Kautilyas Arthashastra was a experience of governance intended to teach a impudent king how to govern. In this work, Kautilya offers wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy, including his wish to pose his king become a world conqueror, his analysis of which kingdoms are natural associate and which are inevitable enemies, his willness to make treaties he knew he would meliorate, his doctrine of close war or a war of assassination against an unsuspecting king, his favorable reception of secret agents who killed opponent leaders and sowed disaccord among them, his insure of women as weapons of war, his use of religion and superstition to bolster his troops and demoralize competitor soldiers, the spread of disinformation, and his forgivinge treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects.3. Kautily a thought there was a science of warfare, presumptively part of a larger science of politics. Kautilya counsel the king not to leave armament matters entirely to others Infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants should conceptualize out practice in the arts outside (the city) at sun-rise. The king should unvaryingly attend to that, and should ofttimes inspect their arts.9 Open war is obvious, and concealed war is what we call insurgent warfare, but silent war is a attractive of fighting that no other thinker could propound and hence Kautiliya was much ahead of his times and this makes his thinking relevant level(p)tide today. Silent war is a kind of warfare with another(prenominal) kingdom in which the king and his ministersand unknowingly, the peopleall act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and sp reading propaganda and disinformation.4. Kautilya advised the king that When he is superior in troops, when secret instigations are make (in the enemys camp), when precautions are have gotn about the season, (and) when he is on land able to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should doctor to) concealed fighting.125. Overriding the constraints. speech reservation of justice to an enemy about to conquer is the last tactic of the weak, impulsive to try all tactics, even heroical ones, Kautilya made up a powerful speech to be given by a weak king to the king about to conquer, a speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments based on the self-interest of the conqueror. In this speech, Kautilya depicted an envoy saying to the moderate king that he should accept a treaty and pay control to his spiritual and material offbeat that subjugation a kingdom willing to surrender on average terms is an impious act that battle is not in the c onquering kings self-interest, since to fight with brave men who have given up all hope of life is a rash deed and the conqueror will lose troops and material steady-going that such(prenominal) a victory will wholly unite his enemies all the more that the conquering kings enemies are just waiting for him to be corrupted in order to attack that he himself is risking death that war itself in which men on each side die is an impious act and that he should not get wind to enemies masquerading as friends who are giving him chimerical advice as to his real self-interest.13 Kautilya show the realities of diplomacy and war as tumesce as the ineffectiveness of moral pleas when confronted by a superior power. Kautilya valued legions, but he wanted them preceded by elephants, which acted in the ancient world a bit like modern tanks.6. Kautilya considered the exchequer most invaluable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. after(prenomi nal) the treasury and the army, Kautilya centre on the grandness of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, command of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving ally troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. And in the absence of a fort, the treasury will fall into the hands of enemies, those with forts are not exterminated.157. Constraint resolution. Kautilya was restent in rank the importance of the treasury, the army, and forts, but it seems that the people, or a commonplace army, are the most important of all. As he put it, one should seek a fortress with men.198. Kautilya apparently believed that an army of kshatriyas was outflank warriors were supposed to find their highest responsibleness and pleasure by dying in battle. Kautilya clearly argued that sections of the army should consist mostly of persons from the alike region, caste or profession. It was a very tricksy idea to be mooted as common sense, shows that he is suggest ing that men of an army should know one another, that an army of friends fighting side by side is the most difficult to foiling. On the subject of the kings location during battle, for example, he wrote A bare army, without standards, consisting of warriors related as fathers, sons and brothers, should be the place for the king. An elephant or a chariot should be the vehicle for the king, restrained by cavalry. (Kautilya wanted a man who looked like the king to lead the army into battle.) And thus, a kings power, for Kautilya, is in the end tied to the power and popular energy of the people, without which a king can be conquered, for not being rooted among his subjects, a king becomes easy to uproot.20 Although Kautilya wrote of using money to rig out an army and even of buy heroic men, he was not advocating mercenaries who fought only for pay, but he was entirely outlining the cost of paying, supplying, and feeding soldiers. He believed that familial troops are bankrupt than h ired troops in other words, troops made of men born in the kingdom and thus loyal to the king since contain are better than strangers fighting for money.9. present-day(a) school of thought. While military power may be the primary tool a nation uses to wage war, it is not the only one available. Military power, together with economic and political power, may be used to impose ones will upon an opponent. These other elements of national power, such as economic or political, are joined with military action at the national strategic level and passed to the working(a) and tactical levels of military actions through constraints or limitations on the use of force. Nevertheless, these other elements of power are not to the full integrated at the lower berth levels of war. In the Marxist tradition, Svechin included the possibility of war on economic and social fronts as tumesce as on a military front. 21 The actions a coherent all fronts must be fully integrated and in accord with th e political goals of the struggle. The use of diplomatical efforts to preclude and enemy trammel or a second contradictory (military) front and economic efforts to get a line sufficient financial resources for the conduct of flake operations.10. While Kautilya had propounded the postulates for constraint management in warfare in the ancient times but the relevance with the contemporary thought is whiztling. Military power being only one of the instruments of national power has been highlighted by Kautilya and the same thought is holding today. The resolution of the constraints and overriding of the bottlenecks faced by the commander in the battlefield have their genesis in the employment of all the instruments of national power towards conflict resolution and that is why Arthashastra has been regarded as the persona of statecraft in all the spheres. If decisive military force is used only as a last resort, after extensive diplomatic, economic, political, and even military powe r of a sudden of actual war have failed to break the will of the enemy, a firm and well placed application of military force would leave little opportunity for the implementation of further unmilitary initiative. One must never lose sight of the overall objective of warfare which is to get the enemy to do ones will. This may be surmount achieved through a serious-minded and complete linkage of all elements of national power. With that linkage brought round off to the practicable level, chances for a long-lasting victory will join on dramatically. This is where Arthashastra and the present day war strategy are concomitant.CHAPTER IVARTHASHASTRA APPROACH TO ECONOMICS OF struggle1. Economics of the nation state. Economic power has become a very powerful tool to enhance the capabilities of a nation and limit those of an adversary. However, as nations become more intertwined through globalisation, they become more vulnerable to disruptions in their economies, manmade or natural, due to reliance on foreign sources of raw materials, components, consummate products, or key services. A nation can also use its economy to try to defeat another power. The nation can use its economic power in attempts to repeal a targets might to trail certain actions or destroy its ability to project power. Although physical defeat of the enemy is more often associated with military operations, economic means are also viable to support the elimination of a nations ability to discern certain actions.2. A nations ability to provide resources to research, develop, and further educate their people can lead to new applications of science and knowledge to solve problems in other words, engineering. Technological advances can stand in existing weapon and support systems to enhance or expand war fighting capability. Acquiring technology through a nations own human resources or with capital resources can allow the nation to make great leaps in economic progress.3. Arthashastra view of economy as precursor to military power. Kautilya speech patterned that, the three kinds of powers intellectual, compelling, incite are essentially and unavoidably required to be developed and employed in a manner that they support each other. None can be used in isolation. concord to Kautilya the main aim of any state is to increase ones power, mainly at the cost of the natural enemy. This increase in power is essentially the send-off step in the identification of the ambition to conquer the world. However, Kautilya also specifically mentions that the most important element that must be weighed onwards jump is the gain expected from the confrontation and the losses likely to be suffered. Normally, the gain that is to accrue should far preponderate the losses in men, animals and expenses in property and grains. Thus Kautilya professed a paying perplexity approach to the cause of expanding ones kingdom and always kept the focus on resolution of the economic constraint s in the war waging capability of the state. He has also stressed that the king is duty bound to ensure, that the people of his kingdom are happy and content, because, a happy kingdom is likely to be prosperous. He further states that a prosperous and ladened state is unlikely to pay to another even in case of a conflict.4. Kosa or the Treasury. The fifth most important element of the state is the treasury according to Kautilya. All activities of the state depend on finance and therefore sufficient attention needs to be given to the treasury. Kautilya considered the treasury most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. Kautilya lays down various causes that may tally to th e harvest-festival or reduction of the treasury. Kautilya says The wealth of the state shall be one acquired lawfully either by hereditary pattern or by the kings own efforts. He further adds that the treasury should be rich enough to resist any calamity especially when the state has no income for a long time.5. Managing the economy for power Arthashastra approach. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the discernment and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their briefly and long-term consequences, which formulated the divinatory beginnings of economicsWealth will drift away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars the onlyguiding star of wealth is itself what can the stars of the toss out do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a 100 attempts. Just as elephants are necessitate to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth.22Public public assistance was contingent upon the strength of the state. The last mentioned was achieved byinternal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power.24 Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end, can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. As such, the Arthashastra provides extensive reportage on the overall economy, which includes pedestal (roadwork, irrigation, forestry, and fortification), weights and measurements, labor and employment, commerce and trade, commodities and agriculture, land use and property laws, money and coinage, interest rates and loan markets, tariffs and taxes, and government expenditures and the treasury. The high level of detail commit to these areas demonstrates the remarkable organisation and centralisation of the state idealised in the Arthashastra, and it also supports the view that the information contained in the textbook is a compilation of plant lif e that have endured over long periods of discharge and error.6. The Arthashastra is surprisingly calculated on every minute detail and economic function the exact number of panas25 is provided for every salaried position, legal ramification, commodity, and livestock. Economics was regulated through such central planning and the highly dilate attempts at identifying the optimal totality for every economic function stresses this constant strive towards efficiently improve the overall utility and welfare of company. on with prudence and careful calculation, the state is advised to be extremely combat-ready or energetic in managing the economy, as the Arthashastra states that, The root of material well-being is activity, of material disaster its reverse. In the absence of activity, there is certain last of what is obtained and of what is not yet received. By activity reward is obtained, and one also secures abundance of riches.Similarly, a different verse in the same chapter a dvocates the direction of such activity towards astir(p) public welfare. though seemingly broad(a) and humanitarian, this too had a very important economic basis. Hence, dedicating resources to the lower rungs of society also strengthened the peripheries of the state, which in turn actuated territorial expansion. Furthermore, providing comforts for the poor masses indirectly stimulated population growth, and thus, the overall growth of the state and economy in the long run. Hence, there is a assign of truth in the verses in which the Arthashastra states that it is the people who constitute a kingdom like a detached cow, a kingdom without people yields nothing. The emphasis on population growth for indirectly achieving economic prosperity is also hinted elsewhere in the text, in which the Arthashastra strongly prohibits premarital sex and criminal conversation and instead encourages fertility via rewards and punishments border within the legal system. Central planning was dire cted towards substantiateing stability, order, and efficiency in the economy.7. Kautilyas Principle and Aim of Economy Artha can therefore be summed up as Peace can be maintained by making war difficult and costly for the enemy through the balance of power achieved through alliances.8. Contemporary perspective. Whilst the basis of exerting power of any country has been that of expansion in the last twenty odd years the focus has shifted from territorial expansion to one of economic expansion. There are a number of examples of countries or coalitions trying to exert squeeze on other countries to ensure the protection of their own economic interests. The engagements between all the countries of the world bear testimony to the fact that almost all parties have been trying to protect their own interests in dealing with others. The principles enumerated by Kautilya in his policy of Samdhi or Treaty have almost ecumenical application today. Countries today are indulging in more and mo re treaties or accords than ever before to safeguard their own interests.9. Kautilya also mentions that war should be declared as a last resort and that all other means like sama, dana, and bheda (conciliation, gifts/bribes, dissension) should be implemented towards averting war. In other words Kautilya prefers displace pressure on the enemy without interruption the peace. These very principles have been determined down in Chapter I of the united Nations Charter, where article I states To maintain international peace and security, and to that end to take effective collective measures for the measure and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformance with the principles of justice and international law, limiting or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.10. This brings forth the justification of the well b eing of the society as the predominant factor since the ancient times till date. Also, the diversion of the resources meant for the well being of the society towards the war waging potential without the exploitation of all the options towards resolution is being despised upon. This was relevant during Kautilyas times and is as relevant today. Though economy is a major constraint in the war waging potential of a nation state, and all efforts are made by the state to strengthen this instrument of national power prior to gaining the military ascendency, it is also proving to be a major restraint in controllong the expansionist placement of states since ancient times.CHAPTER VDERIVATION OF multitude bureau FROM ECONOMIC POWER1. Economic power. Economic power can be defined in the main as the efficiency to influence other states through economic means. It is calm of a countrys industrial base, natural resources, capital, technology, geographical position, health system and instru ction system.2. Military power. Military power is the capacity to use force or the threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power include number of divisions, armaments, organisation, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale.3. Power is an elusive concept. In the historical perspective, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have become interchangeable. A countrys military capability is derived from its economic capacity. A countrys economic capacity also deKautilyas Arthashastra and WarKautilyas Arthashastra and WarCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1. Arthashastra Kautilya on War.Kautilya was a proponent of a welfare state but definitely encouraged war for preserving the power of the state. Kautilyas Arthashastra is a book of pure logic, not taking any religious aspect into account. It deals with the various subjects directly and with razor like sharpness. The Arthashastra tot ally contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books, 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner Book 1, as a book on Fundamentals of Management, Book 2 dealing with Economics, Books 3, 4 and 5 on Law, Books 6, 7, 8 describes Foreign Policies. Books 9 to 14 concerns subjects on War. The 15th book deals with the methodology and devices used in writing the Arthashastra. What is interesting to note is that the topic of war is the last subject in the Arthashastra. War is always the last option. However, a war in certain cases is unavoidable, hence, preparation and maintenance of the army, the right moves in the battle field and warfare strategies all are essential in the defence of a country, subjects which Kautilya tackles with the extra sensory precision.Economics in Statecraft and War. Kautilya thought that the possession of power and happiness in a state makes a king superior hence a king should always strive to augment his po wer. Kautilya propounded that war is natural for a state. He said that, Power is strength and strength changes the minds2.Economic power has helped shape statecraft. This element of power is very flexible. Thi s aspect of the power is one which Arthashastra concentrates on and has highlighted Artha, the economics of the state in the pursuit of power. The quest for power is driven by the satisfaction of the king and his subjects in all the spheres of material well being and social acceptance. This can be achieved by a progressive and robust economy. A corollary to this fact is that the economics of a state can be used to progress the influence of the state over international issues and also used to augment the war waging potential of the state.Whether a nation has a large or small military, its leadership does understand economics. Economics is a great tool to create conditions for further action or force a nation to change behaviour. There are constraints prevelant in the pursuit of sound economy to further the war waging capability of a state and in turn achieve te power . the resolution of these constraints is the enigma which Kautilya unraveled through Arthashastra.2. Kautilya presents that for a King to attain these three goals he must create wealth, have armies and should conquer the kingdoms and enlarge the size of his state. This is quite interesting because he in a way does believe that a states superiority is in its military and economic might which is what later philosophers and rulers have followed. In the case of war, Kautilya advocates the King to be closely involved in the science of war.3. Classifications of War. Kautilya advocated three types of war Open war, Concealed war and the Silent War3. Open war he describes as the war fought between states, concealed war as one which is similar to guerilla war and Silent war which is fought on a continued basis inside the kingdom so that the power of the King does not get diluted. He believed that there were three types of kings who go into warfare and it is important to understand the distinction between the types of kings and the appropriate warfare strategy to be selected.4. Kautilya propounded that state is not considered a massive entity but as one which combines various internal constituents the king , the fortified city ,the countryside, the treasury and the army. The power with which a state can promote its own interests over other states in the neighbourhood depends on how close to ideal the internal constituents are. The four devices Kautilya used for deriving practical advice were relative power, deviations from the ideal, classification by the type of motivation and the influence of the unpredictable. This is the core what Arthashastra addresses as the endeavour is to resolve all the constraints that arise in the quest of the state to gain ascendency and enhance its power.5. War fighting tactics. Kautilya was also very harsh in narrating the exact methods of fighting a war and use of various tools to reduce the strength of a state. Kautilya wrote in detail explaining the war strategy because he was a strong proponent of social structure. He vehemently defends the state and believes that religion and morals are supposed to serve the state. In Kautilyas concept of war, chivalry does not have any place and he is a realist. Kautilya in his Arthashastra and believes that war is a means to an end for wealth and stability. He provided the understanding to resolve all the constraints which emerge to achieve the ends. Kautilya has argued that the primary constraint that a state faces is the economic constraints and many a war has been lost for want of resources. The Arthashastra has guided the king in eliminating the constraints, primarily the economic constraints in the furtherance of its interests. The use of economic strength as a means of statess power has also been highlighted by Kautilya.6. Kautilya also took the societal structure and Kings power as given and never challenged it. His focus was not on war per se but on the strategy and tactics of war which elaborates in his work. In describing his opinion on war, he has been very right in saying that a state which seeks power is in war all the time and economy is the most definitive aspect which governs the quest of the state for power.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYStatement of the Problem1. The aim of this paper is to investigate the modus operandi for the resolution of the economic constraints, imposed in an armed conflict during the Arthashastra period and its concurrence in the present times.Justification for the Study2. Constraints in War. Armed conflict has many facets attached to it and it is not a mere attack and capture as the folklore puts it to be. The constraints as they emerge, from the time of planning of a battle till the time the armies face each other at the outbreak of the hostilities, are what the commander in the battlefield has to counter and work out the resolut ion of each of the prevalent constraints. The constraints as defined for the evaluation of this research is akin to the risks or uncertainties as they present themselves in the battlefield and which may govern the outcome of the war or the projection of the true power of the nation state. The constraints present as tangible constraints and also intangible blocks which have to be resolved in order to progress the war and ultimately achieve victory. The tangible constraints can be classified as the economic requirements for war effort to sustain and the logistics support required for the armed forces and the intangibles are morale, leadership and the training of the troops.3. Evaluating Constraints. The fog of war has prompted strategists throughout history to grapple with the concept of constraints/risk and methodologies for its assessment. There will always be uncertainty. It often will be immeasurable. The very nature of war and conflict and the increasingly complex strategic envir onment ensures that this is so. Is risk/constraint assessment simply the .comfort level that senior planners experience as they assess key variables? 6 Strategic risks then is the probability of failure in achieving a strategic objective at an acceptable cost. The concept is simple to articulate and easy to understand. But, as in war, the simplest things in strategy are the most difficult.4. Constraints Management Arthashastra . The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as Science of Politics, Treatise on Polity or the Science of Political Economy. These have been translated over time in the subjects of Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War. Kautilyas treatise encapsulates in many ways, the complexity of the modern times with the constraints faced during war being the same as were relevant in older times. The problems that existed then, pe rsist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Constraint resolution in the Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy will provide an insight into the knowledge of warfare in ancient India and would also throw up important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the modern world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers.5. Hypothesis. The growth of the nation state has been based on the gain of the economic power and the shift in the economic potential. This has resulted in the economics of war emerging as the single most important constraint in the war waging potential of a nation state. The concurrence of the economic power with the military power of a nation state has been the cornerstone of the present day world powers. Kautilya in Arthashastra had realised the prominence of economy in the statecraft and the war strategy. How r elevant those postulates are in the modern day strength of a nation state? The ability of the state to exert its influence for the furtherance of the national interests has been defined by the resolution of the economic constraints. The military has become the national instrument that can enforce the economic objective and thus the military power of a nation. Therefore the role of the economic power and the resolution of the economic constraints of a nation are primary for the acceptance of a Nation-State as a world power.6. Scope. The scope of this paper is restricted to study and analysis of the economics of war. The financial constraints in the war potential of the State and the methods adopted by Kautilya to resolve those constraints. The study will attempt to identify possible constraints in the war potential of the State and present the relevance of Arthashastra in constraint management with the modern day constraint resolution. It will be further endeavoured to understand the lacunae in the present day approach and investigate the Arthashastra for solutions. Thereafter, the paper will focus on assessing the perceived link between economic power of the state and the military power and how one is derived from the other. The resolution of the economic constraints as practiced during Kautilyas time and in the modern times will also be discussed.7. Methods of Data Collection. There are many books written translating the Arthashastra. Modern Warfare strategy has many parallels in the theories as propounded by Kautilya. Research on this topic will be mostly based on the translations of Arthashastra and its relevance with the modern day approach to the resolution of the economic constraints in the war waging potential of the nation state. Sources are likely to include the following-(a) Books written by eminent authors and translation of the Arthashastra by various authors.(b) Articles in periodicals and Journals.(c) Reports of International strategists and rese archers on Arthashastra.(d) Websites featuring proceedings of various conferences and meetings on the subject.(f) Papers published or presented by various organisations on the subject.8. Organisation of the Dissertation. This study is envisaged to be organised under the following chapters-(a) Introduction.(b) Methodology.(c) Constraints in warfare -Drawing parallels with Arthashastra.(d) Arthashastra approach to economics of war.(e) Derivation of Military power from economic power.(f) Resolution of economic constraints to war potential.(g) ConclusionCHAPTER IIICONSTRAINTS IN WARFARE DRAWING PARALLELS WITH ARTHASHASTRA1. Interests of the nation state. The behavior of a nation-state is rooted in the pursuit, protection, and promotion of its interests. The interests of the nation state are to be accurately identified to understand much of its behavior vis--vis other states and actors in the international system. All states have common interests like its territory, its people, and its sovereignty. While forces outside their own boundaries affect all countries large and powerful, small and weak, a certain level of sovereignty is critical to the notion of national interests. A country that is unable to exercise effective control over its territory and its peoples, relatively free from the intrusion of other nation-states into its internal affairs, is lacking in this critical element of sovereignty. War is an instrument of national policy, albeit a violent one.2. Arthashastra view point. Kautilyas Arthashastra was a science of politics intended to teach a wise king how to govern. In this work, Kautilya offers wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy, including his wish to have his king become a world conqueror, his analysis of which kingdoms are natural allies and which are inevitable enemies, his willingness to make treaties he knew he would break, his doctrine of silent war or a war of assassination against an unsuspecting king, his app roval of secret agents who killed enemy leaders and sowed discord among them, his view of women as weapons of war, his use of religion and superstition to bolster his troops and demoralize enemy soldiers, the spread of disinformation, and his humane treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects.3. Kautilya thought there was a science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others Infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants should carry out practice in the arts outside (the city) at sun-rise. The king should constantly attend to that, and should frequently inspect their arts.9 Open war is obvious, and concealed war is what we call guerrilla warfare, but silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker could propound and thus Kautiliya was much ahead of his times and this makes his thinking relevant even today. Silent war is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his minis tersand unknowingly, the peopleall act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation.4. Kautilya advised the king that When he is superior in troops, when secret instigations are made (in the enemys camp), when precautions are taken about the season, (and) when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.125. Overriding the constraints. Speaking of justice to an enemy about to conquer is the last tactic of the weak, willing to try all tactics, even desperate ones, Kautilya made up a powerful speech to be given by a weak king to the king about to conquer, a speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments based on the self-interest of the conqueror. In this speech, Kautilya depi cted an envoy saying to the conquering king that he should accept a treaty and pay regard to his spiritual and material well-being that conquering a kingdom willing to surrender on reasonable terms is an impious act that battle is not in the conquering kings self-interest, since to fight with brave men who have given up all hope of life is a rash deed and the conqueror will lose troops and material good that such a conquest will only unite his enemies all the more that the conquering kings enemies are only waiting for him to be weakened in order to attack that he himself is risking death that war itself in which men on each side die is an impious act and that he should not listen to enemies masquerading as friends who are giving him false advice as to his real self-interest.13 Kautilya demonstrated the realities of diplomacy and war as well as the ineffectiveness of moral pleas when confronted by a superior power. Kautilya wanted legions, but he wanted them preceded by elephants, wh ich acted in the ancient world a bit like modern tanks.6. Kautilya considered the treasury most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. And in the absence of a fort, the treasury will fall into the hands of enemies, those with forts are not exterminated.157. Constraint resolution. Kautilya was consistent in ranking the importance of the treasury, the army, and forts, but it seems that the people, or a popular army, are the most important of all. As he put it, one should seek a fortress with men.198. Kautilya apparently believed that an army of kshatriyas was best warriors were supposed to find their highest duty and pleasure by dying in battle. Kautilya clearly argued that sec tions of the army should consist mostly of persons from the same region, caste or profession. It was a very clever idea to be mooted as common sense, shows that he is suggesting that men of an army should know one another, that an army of friends fighting side by side is the most difficult to defeat. On the subject of the kings location during battle, for example, he wrote A bare army, without standards, consisting of warriors related as fathers, sons and brothers, should be the place for the king. An elephant or a chariot should be the vehicle for the king, guarded by cavalry. (Kautilya wanted a man who looked like the king to lead the army into battle.) And thus, a kings power, for Kautilya, is in the end tied to the power and popular energy of the people, without which a king can be conquered, for not being rooted among his subjects, a king becomes easy to uproot.20 Although Kautilya wrote of using money to raise an army and even of purchasing heroic men, he was not advocating me rcenaries who fought only for pay, but he was merely outlining the cost of paying, supplying, and feeding soldiers. He believed that hereditary troops are better than hired troops in other words, troops made of men born in the kingdom and thus loyal to the king since birth are better than strangers fighting for money.9. Contemporary school of thought. While military power may be the primary tool a nation uses to wage war, it is not the only one available. Military power, together with economic and political power, may be used to impose ones will upon an opponent. These other elements of national power, such as economic or political, are linked with military action at the national strategic level and passed to the operational and tactical levels of military actions through constraints or limitations on the use of force. Nevertheless, these other elements of power are not fully integrated at the lower levels of war. In the Marxist tradition, Svechin included the possibility of war on economic and social fronts as well as on a military front. 21 The actions along all fronts must be fully integrated and in accord with the political goals of the struggle. The use of diplomatic efforts to preclude and enemy alliance or a second hostile (military) front and economic efforts to insure sufficient financial resources for the conduct of combat operations.10. While Kautilya had propounded the postulates for constraint management in warfare in the ancient times but the relevance with the contemporary thought is startling. Military power being only one of the instruments of national power has been highlighted by Kautilya and the same thought is holding today. The resolution of the constraints and overriding of the bottlenecks faced by the commander in the battlefield have their genesis in the employment of all the instruments of national power towards conflict resolution and that is why Arthashastra has been regarded as the epitome of statecraft in all the spheres. If decis ive military force is used only as a last resort, after extensive diplomatic, economic, political, and even military power short of actual war have failed to break the will of the enemy, a quick and well placed application of military force would leave little opportunity for the implementation of further nonmilitary initiative. One must never lose sight of the overall objective of warfare which is to get the enemy to do ones will. This may be best achieved through a thoughtful and complete linkage of all elements of national power. With that linkage brought down to the operational level, chances for a long-lasting victory will increase dramatically. This is where Arthashastra and the present day war strategy are concomitant.CHAPTER IVARTHASHASTRA APPROACH TO ECONOMICS OF WAR1. Economics of the nation state. Economic power has become a very powerful tool to enhance the capabilities of a nation and limit those of an adversary. However, as nations become more intertwined through globa lisation, they become more vulnerable to disruptions in their economies, manmade or natural, due to reliance on foreign sources of raw materials, components, finished products, or key services. A nation can also use its economy to try to defeat another power. The nation can use its economic power in attempts to destroy a targets capability to take certain actions or destroy its ability to project power. Although physical defeat of the enemy is more often associated with military operations, economic means are also viable to support the elimination of a nations ability to take certain actions.2. A nations ability to provide resources to research, develop, and further educate their people can lead to new applications of science and knowledge to solve problems in other words, technology. Technological advances can replace existing weapon and support systems to enhance or expand war fighting capability. Acquiring technology through a nations own human resources or with capital resources can allow the nation to make great leaps in economic progress.3. Arthashastra view of economy as precursor to military power. Kautilya emphasised that, the three kinds of powers intellectual, compelling, motivating are essentially and unavoidably required to be developed and employed in a manner that they complement each other. None can be used in isolation. According to Kautilya the main aim of any state is to increase ones power, mainly at the cost of the natural enemy. This increase in power is essentially the first step in the realisation of the ambition to conquer the world. However, Kautilya also specifically mentions that the most important factor that must be weighed before starting is the gain expected from the confrontation and the losses likely to be suffered. Normally, the gain that is to accrue should far outweigh the losses in men, animals and expenses in cash and grains. Thus Kautilya professed a thoughtful approach to the cause of expanding ones kingdom and always k ept the focus on resolution of the economic constraints in the war waging capability of the state. He has also stressed that the king is duty bound to ensure, that the people of his kingdom are happy and content, because, a happy kingdom is likely to be prosperous. He further states that a prosperous and wealthy state is unlikely to succumb to another even in case of a conflict.4. Kosa or the Treasury. The fifth most important element of the state is the treasury according to Kautilya. All activities of the state depend on finance and therefore sufficient attention needs to be given to the treasury. Kautilya considered the treasury most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. Kautilya lays down various causes that may contribute to the growth or reduction of the treasury. Kautilya says The wealth of the state shall be one acquired lawfully either by inheritance or by the kings own efforts. He further adds that the treasury should be rich enough to withstand any calamity especially when the state has no income for a long time.5. Managing the economy for power Arthashastra approach. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economicsWealth will slip away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars the onlyguiding star of wealth is itself what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a hundred attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth.22Public welfare was contingent upon th e strength of the state. The latter was achieved byinternal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power.24 Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end, can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. As such, the Arthashastra provides extensive coverage on the overall economy, which includes infrastructure (roadwork, irrigation, forestry, and fortification), weights and measurements, labor and employment, commerce and trade, commodities and agriculture, land use and property laws, money and coinage, interest rates and loan markets, tariffs and taxes, and government expenditures and the treasury. The high level of detail dedicated to these areas demonstrates the remarkable organisation and centralisation of the state idealised in the Arthashastra, and it also supports the view that the information contained in the text is a compilation of works th at have endured over long periods of trial and error.6. The Arthashastra is surprisingly calculated on every minute detail and economic function the exact number of panas25 is provided for every salaried position, legal ramification, commodity, and livestock. Economics was regulated through such central planning and the highly detailed attempts at identifying the optimal amount for every economic function stresses this constant strive towards efficiently improving the overall utility and welfare of society. Along with prudence and careful calculation, the state is advised to be extremely active or energetic in managing the economy, as the Arthashastra states that, The root of material well-being is activity, of material disaster its reverse. In the absence of activity, there is certain destruction of what is obtained and of what is not yet received. By activity reward is obtained, and one also secures abundance of riches.Similarly, a different verse in the same chapter advocates th e direction of such activity towards improving public welfare. Though seemingly liberal and humanitarian, this too had a very important economic basis. Hence, dedicating resources to the lower rungs of society also strengthened the peripheries of the state, which in turn actuated territorial expansion. Furthermore, providing amenities for the poor masses indirectly stimulated population growth, and thus, the overall growth of the state and economy in the long run. Hence, there is a lot of truth in the verses in which the Arthashastra states that it is the people who constitute a kingdom like a barren cow, a kingdom without people yields nothing. The emphasis on population growth for indirectly achieving economic prosperity is also hinted elsewhere in the text, in which the Arthashastra strongly prohibits premarital sex and adultery and instead encourages fertility via rewards and punishments framed within the legal system. Central planning was directed towards maintaining stability, order, and efficiency in the economy.7. Kautilyas Principle and Aim of Economy Artha can therefore be summed up as Peace can be maintained by making war difficult and costly for the enemy through the balance of power achieved through alliances.8. Contemporary perspective. Whilst the basis of exerting power of any country has been that of expansion in the last twenty odd years the focus has shifted from territorial expansion to one of economic expansion. There are a number of examples of countries or coalitions trying to exert pressure on other countries to ensure the protection of their own economic interests. The engagements between all the countries of the world bear testimony to the fact that almost all parties have been trying to protect their own interests in dealing with others. The principles enumerated by Kautilya in his policy of Samdhi or Treaty have almost universal application today. Countries today are indulging in more and more treaties or accords than ever before to safeguard their own interests.9. Kautilya also mentions that war should be declared as a last resort and that all other means like sama, dana, and bheda (conciliation, gifts/bribes, dissension) should be implemented towards averting war. In other words Kautilya prefers putting pressure on the enemy without breaking the peace. These very principles have been laid down in Chapter I of the United Nations Charter, where article I states To maintain international peace and security, and to that end to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.10. This brings forth the justification of the well being of the society as the predominant factor since the ancient times till date. Also, the diversion of the resources meant for the well being of the society towards the war waging potential without the exploitation of all the options towards resolution is being despised upon. This was relevant during Kautilyas times and is as relevant today. Though economy is a major constraint in the war waging potential of a nation state, and all efforts are made by the state to strengthen this instrument of national power prior to gaining the military ascendency, it is also proving to be a major restraint in controllong the expansionist attitude of states since ancient times.CHAPTER VDERIVATION OF MILITARY POWER FROM ECONOMIC POWER1. Economic power. Economic power can be defined broadly as the capacity to influence other states through economic means. It is composed of a countrys industrial base, natural resources, capital, technology, geographic position, health system and education system.2. Military power. Military power is the capacity to use fo rce or the threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power include number of divisions, armaments, organisation, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale.3. Power is an elusive concept. In the historical perspective, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have become interchangeable. A countrys military capability is derived from its economic capacity. A countrys economic capacity also de

Problems Faced By The Vodafone Sales Team Business Essay

Problems Faced By The Vodafone gross sales aggroup Business EssayThrough this research been carried discover prosperedly accordingly only when I volition be open to classify the eye reasons for the chore. From the reasons identify I will be able to solve the problems. after(prenominal) puzzle out these issues lookd by Vodafone, Vodafone will be more successful in running the floor and will be able to be back uping Vodafone sales team to advance their day to day operations through a given timeframe. It is similarly help them to implement and judge the solutions specified.The management concept used in order to solve the issues place is Fayols Management theory conceptBy means of this concept it has helped me to mature the doable solutions for the melody problems peg down by the Vodafone sales team managers and also to let on the reasons behind the plaza problems.2.4AIMS AND PURPOSE OF STUDYAIMSTo identify roughly general business problem that exists within t he Vodafone organisation.To know the reasons behind the problems fetching place.How to resolve these business problems.To discover how solving these problems would be feasible for Vodafone.To fasten that all information ab push through Vodafone given by myself in this business proposal is fair and accurate to my best extent.The problems identified argon pertinent and suitable to work on duration of this course because the problem identified is on expiry in m whatever organisations in New Zealand. The problems Im elaborating on ar significantly primary(prenominal) to be solved and thus the learning expiration will be of assistance to me when I join the workforce.PURPOSETo shoot more practical knowledge on how to find reasons and solutions behind problems.3.1RESEARCH c ar for TO GATHER indigenous data EXPLAINED AND JUSTIFIEDThe research procedure was carried push through by a mixture of research methods (Quantitative and Qualitative).Methods out variantdResearchQuestionnair es face-to-face converseExploring attitudes and behaviour of the staffs of VodafoneIn using these research methods I was going toFind facts native dataThe process also includes interviews of the staffs and managers to find out the reasons of the problems and then work out the solutions for the problems identified. A content analysis was also used to find out the facts of the analysis and get solutions. 3.2PRIMARY PROCESS/ size of it OF SAMPLE POPULATIONThe initiation of this project started with the formulations of ideas as to what needs to be looked into to reach the aim of this survey. Once that was do, a questionnaire was make with regards to getting a specific ins and outs of what goes on the a Vodafone fall into place centre and how its inefficiency can booster cable to failed productivity. The sample size was kinda small as this related to practiced one area within the greater Vodafone Business. On the 10th of April about(predicate) 10 staffs were given questionnaires to fill and the choice was given to them either to vest their name or leave them anonymous. I also did face to face interview of the 2IC of the Sales Team.From the responses provided in the questionnaire I was able to do an analysis of the problems.3.3STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES employ FOR THE TASKThe statistical tools used in this project include the employment ofFishbone diagramGannt chartHenri Fayol management theory.3.4INTERVIEW CONDUCTED AFTER SURVEY (DATES AND clock IN APPENDIX)An interview was carried out on the 2nd of April of whatsoever of the staffs and managers of the Vodafone Sales teams at the Vodafone Sales office in Penrose, Auckland City, New Zealand.3.5LITERATURE REVIEW AND possibleness OF MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO TOPICI have reviewed someVodafone CataloguesArticles in newspapersInternet ResearchThe research comes under the process of controlling. The managers of Vodafone subscribe to using Fayols 5 functions of Management in order to get to the croup of the iss ues they are facing at the moment.3.6RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS USEDThe research methodology was carried out by a mixture of research methods (Quantitative and Qualitative).Face to face interviewQuestionnaireInterviewParticipant observationFishbone diagram 3.7STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDYSTRENGTHS The staffs were very helpful.They were quite open to answering the questions.LIMITATIONSInaccuracy of results.Sample size is not easily adequate as I couldnt get the responses of all people.Hard to summarize the data.3.8MANAGEMENT THEORIES USED TO HELP EXPLAIN METHODOLOGYIn order to recognize the problems and to find the reasons for the problems I have used the SWOT analysis and the Cause set up Fishbone diagram.The swot analysis has helped me to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats of Vodafone. This method has helped me to identify the business problems, lactate conclusions and to translate these solutions into a Strategic action plan. This method has also bee n able to provide me with assistance in consolidating the strengths, reducing the weaknesses, grab the opportunities, minimize the treats, despatch the plan and alternative choices, help to innovate and ensure the well organism and prosper ship of Vodafone in achieving the goals and missions.The fishbone diagrams has helped in to jot out the possible solutions to the problems Vodafone is facing and also the steps and resources needed to achieve these solutions. It shows the problems, the solutions and the 6 categories. wreak Management Equipment People Material TechnologyThe fishbone diagram is in the addition as Figure 2.4.1SUMMARY OF PRIMARY RESEARCH allow forSAfter a send off search and interviews I got some invaluable information and some primary data.For Vodafone the business problems identified were under the OTHERS category. Upon identifying the problems I have also identified possible solutions to the acknowledged problems. The research results after the interview al so showedTHE PROBLEMS place AND THE RESONS BEHIND THEMethnical DIFFERENCES-mind set of managers-priority given to some culture only-preference of the leaderILLEGITIMATE inexorable CALLS-strict management-Lack of MotivationAGENTS non cover UP TO WORK WITHOUT NOTIFICATION-poor management-lack of rules in the department want OF MOTIVATION-from the Managers from upper levelstaveS ARE COMMITTING FRAUD.-weak management-lack of motivation-mind set of employees that they can get away with any fraud wish OF causality TO STAFF MEMBERS-poor managementINEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT-lack of motivation4.2ANALYSIS OF DATA WITH RESULTS OF PRIMARY RESEARCH ANALYSEDAND DISCUSSED RELATING TO AIM AND PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATIONI myself believe that these problems are common for gigantic companies such as Vodafone.As the researcher I have identified the business problems and the possible solutions which will also help Vodafone sales team to improve their day to day operations through a given timeframe. It is also help them to implement and evaluate the solutions specified.Its important to resolve these problems as soon as possible reason beingness failure to get a resolution on Vodafones part will result in inefficiency and diminished customer faith in the company.4.3RESEACH DATA ANALYSED AND INTERPRETEDFace to face interview was carried out and first pay information was obtained from personnel whose working with the organisation of study.It is not crapn from any old Vodafone reports which may be outdated and obsolete because reports are through periodically and. An interview with a Vodafone employee gave me 1st hand information.4.4LIST OF POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND CONSEQUENCES1. CULTURAL DIFFERENCESPossible solutionsManagers need to develop their leadership skills and treat everyone equally set aside the culture difference of the staffs.They require more training.2. ILLEGITIMATE SICK CALLS.Possible SolutionsGet rid of the free to call sick line number and get sick calls to come to managers directly.Make a prerequisite for the actual employee to call in rather than having their family members call on their behalf.3. AGENTS NOT SHOWING UP TO WORK WITHOUT NOTIFICATION.The procedure in place take care of such scenarios includes the following stepsMaking contact with the federal agent who is not showing up.Sending an email request to make contact with Vodafone.Once a month has passed, a final call is made to the person absent to make contact with the company to discuss their approaching with the company.If contact is made, then there are upgrade procedures such as a probation period for the agent. If contact is not made, then the agents contract is terminated.4. deficiency OF MOTIVATION.Possible SolutionsAs providing motivational promotions can be costly, during the in between time, promotions should be invented which is not too expensive but enough good enough to boost team morale.Managers should make sure theyre setting a good example of efficiency and ent husiasm.Set goals and reward the staff when the goals are achieved. The reward can be as simple as a star on the calendar and a bigger reward at the end of the month if there are enough stars for each day.4. STAFF IS COMMITTING FRAUD.Possible SolutionsMonitor calls and see if there is a pattern of a particular number calling multiple times to identify fraud.5. LACK OF POWER TO STAFF MEMBERS. Possible SolutionsVodafone identified that the number of these escalations were growing exponentially so just recently a new tool called VODAFONE zep was launched to give agents over the phone additional powers to assist customer further and increase customer faith in the business.6. INEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT authority solutionsEnsure that reminders are saved for one on one brush and these are scheduled in advance.Ensure that all updates are done through direct communications.4.5MANAGEMENT THEORY USED TO EXPLAIN MEANING OF FINDINGSOF RESULTS AND relevancyTo discover the possible solution for the problems identified and to find out the core reasons behind these problems I have used Henri Fayols creative problem solving techniques i.e.1. PLANNING2. ORGANISING3. COMMANING4. COORDINATING5. CONTROLLING4.6 say OF ORIGINAL RESEARCHThe evidence of the authoritative research is in the appendices section includingInterview QuestionnaireFishbone diagram as problem solving tool.I have also researchedInternal- Vodafone Sales 2IC questionnaire.External-references, online assistance.5.1STATEMENT OF CONCLUSIONUpon expiration of this research it has helped me in identifying the problems, the reasons behind the problem and the possible solutions to the problems.It has also provided me with the sensation of problem solving skills and if Im in the workplace I will be able to distinguish and solve problems efficiently.5.2CONCLUSIONS MUST BE LOGICAL FROM THE RESULT AND DISCUSSION5.3CONCLUSIONS MUST LINK BACK TO AIMS AND PURPOSES OF RESEARCH.5.4CONCLUSIONS BASED ON EVIDENCE5.5CONCLUSIONS PRIOR ITISED5.6RATIONALE FOR FINAL RECOMMENDATION5.7RECOMMENDATION MUST BE RELEVANT ADDRESSING PROBLEM AND ISSUES5.8RECOMMENDATION apropos AND FEASIBLE5.9RECOMMENDATION PRIORITISED6.0MANAGEMENT THEORY USED TO EXPLAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Gender Variation of Health Awareness of Adolescents in India

Gender Variation of Health Aw beness of c onlyows in IndiaEvaluation of sexual practice variation in wellness knowingness of Adolescent era groups in verdant IndiaIntroductionWorld Health pre aspectncy (WHO) defines adolescence as the period between 10 and 19 years of period. During this period, they obtain to face a lot of changes which may include physical, mental, emotional or psychological changes. Yet they ar the once whose wellness is neglected the most, oddly that of female boyish group. 1Health sensory faculty not only includes the sensory faculty for infections, diseases or disorders but also health related topics like physiological changes, psychological changes, hormonal changes, importance of turn to stay fit, time for pastime to stay active and sate etc. Adolescents in folksy areas are often devoid of health care facilities and bes to fall sick to a greater extent often. Both genders faces different types of problems. They even get addicted to un- respectable activities due to insufficiency of knowingness and peer pressure. Government of India has carry bulge extincted umpteen schemes for the spread of health cognizance, but due to unknown reasons, it is not yet uni course of action among two the genders.If they are aware of health issues surrounding them, they can fight or prevent them and can improve their lives. Females health has been always neglected in rural India and now as to be prioritised beca engagement not only they bind family by sharing the economic burden but they also suck in care of the entire family. In order to share all responsibilities two males and females buzz moody to be fit and that should take in from the very beginning, right later birth.With implementation of new schemes and involvement of latest technology like profit health awareness is improving2 The teachers also teach them the benefits of health exercise and the exigency of time for deflectional activities so that they can live a happy lifetime.Various studies and survey have been conducted before but none showed the difference of health awareness between males and females of childish group. So we conducted this get to get at the gender variation in health awareness in adolescent age group 15-19 years.Their answers to the questionnaire can help us to understand the awareness of health in rural areas and we could bring further changes or implement new plans for spreading health awareness especially if one of the gender is lacking behind in one area.Material and MethodsThe present theme was conducted as a cross-sectional report in September, 2014 at a local school in Nhava v blowage, Raigad District in Maharashtra State, India. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed haphazardly to 102 high school students which include 60 males and 42 females between 15 to 19 to evaluate gender variation in health awareness and attitude towards awareness of side effect of tobacco plant consumption princi pal to oral or lung genus Cancer, elicitually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and its transmission track, reaction on try on situations, knowledge of bole mass index and under the weather effects of being malnourished, importance of having breakfast and in between meals with time for exercise and cheeral activities, evaluating depression by asking mood changes. Their family type, number of members and reasonable family income, per capita income were also plant unwrap. They were asked if they suffered from whatsoever opposite disorders or diseases.The required functionary permission to select and collect the relevant data from selected subjects was solicited and obtained from the Principal of the several(prenominal) school. There were 13 questions and the questionnaire was collected on the spot from single outicipants after explaining them the importance of study and obtaining their oral consent. Writing names on the realize was optional and was informed that their identit y will be kept hidden in all ways possible if they chose to write their names. The survey was carried out in their school timings and free periods.Inclusion Criteria solely Students between 15-19 years elimination CriteriaStudents out of target i.e. above 20 years of age and to a lower place 15 yearsWho did not wanted to be a part of the surveyStatistical depth psychologyThe data were entered into the computer (Microsoft Office, Excel) and were subjected to statistical analysis using the statistical package SPSS version 19.ResultsIn the present study, we got 102 samples out of which 60 were males and 42 were females having 41.18 contribution of females and 58.82% of males. Also the ages ranged from 15-19. Most number of the students were in 17th year.Breakfast Everyday In between meals 2-3 hours ( give in 1) here we detect that only 69% Females utter that they were able to have breakfast as compared to 81.7% Males. Values are given in Table 1. n=Number, %= percentage kindleBreak fast everyday In between meals every 2-3 hoursYesnot able to have descendN%N%n%F2969.01331.042100.0M4981.71118.360100.0Total7876.52423.5102100.0Table 1Time for suffice Recreation ( Table 2)We noticed that 57.1% females here just said that they are able to do exercise and spare close to time for recreation as compared to 80% approval from the males regarding the same.SexTime for exercise and recreationYesNoTotalN%n%n%F2457.11842.942100.0M4880.01220.060100.0Total7270.63029.4102100.0(Table 2)Consume Tobacco in any form or any other plaza abuse (Table 3)It is interesting to escort that only 5 males used to consume tobacco in cigarettes form which is 4.90%. Females denied pickings any tobacco in any form. The values are depicted in table 3SexConsume tobacco in any form or any other substance abuseYesNoTotalN%n%n%F0.042100.042100.0M58.35591.760100.0Total54.909785.10102100.0Table 3 ken of the side effects of taking Tobacco in any form (Table 4)Here we noticed that Females are mor e(prenominal) than aware of the side effects of taking tobacco. Their awareness rate is 95.2% as compared to 78.3% of Males. The values are depicted in table 4.SexAwareness of side effects regarding tobacco ticker abuseYes (Aware)NoTotalN%n%n%F4095.224.842100.0M4778.31321.760100.0Total8785.31514.7102100.0Table 4Awareness of STDs at least one route of spread (Table 5)Mostly everyone knows about STD and its of route of spread. More details are depicted in table 5.SexAwareness of STDYesNoTotalN%n%n%F42100.00.042100.0M5898.0421.9660100.0Total10098.0421.96102100.0Table 5BMI Status Awareness to ill effects of malnourishment (Table 6-8)BMI of the study subject was calculated by using the formula weight (kg)/ height2 (m2). For grading proposed criteria of BMI for Asians (Choo V 2002) and CDC (2010) was adopted.We noticed that females tend to be more underweight as compared to males. Males being more attached to obesity at this age. The mean BMI for females was 20.41SexBMI StatusNormal orotundOver WeightUnderweightTotalN%N%n%n%n%F2969.00.012.41228.642100.0M4270.011.723.31525.060100.0Total7169.610.9832.942726.47102100.0Table 6SexStatisticStd. ErrorBMIF implicate20.417341.457487895% Confidence breakup for MeanLower Bound19.493425Upper Bound21.341256Std. Deviation2.9648599 marginal15.0597 supreme26.3146MMean21.016615.493396995% Confidence Interval for MeanLower Bound20.029330Upper Bound22.003900Std. Deviation3.8218361Minimum16.0231Maximum40.4281Table 7BMI values are depicted in Table 7We also asked them if they knew the ill-effects of being malnourished? Almost 90% males knew the ill effects. Whereas 78.6% Females knew about the ill effects. The details are in table 8.SexAware of ill-effects of being malnourished?YesNoTotalN%n%N%F3378.6921.442100M5490.0610.060100Total8785.291514.70102100Table 8Mood Study duration in a day (Table 9 10)We also asked whether they stay happy content always or suffering and grumpy or scared or always angry. Most of them answered that they stay happy always. Most also mentioned that they study for 1-2 hours daily.SexMoodAlways Happy ContentAlways unhappyAlways ScaredAlway angryTotaln%n%n%n%n%F3788.149.512.40.042100.0M5591.723.323.311.760100.0Total9290.1965.8832.941.98102100.0Table 9SexAverage hours of study per day1-2 hours2-4 hours4-6 hoursTotaln%n%n%n%F2559.5%1433.3%37.1%42100.0%M4168.3%1728.3%23.3%60100.0%Total6664.70%3130.39%54.90%102100.0%Table 10Reaction on adjudicate or Depression (Table 11)We noticed that almost half of them prefer to slop to their friends when they are depressed. Few females do cry or starve as well.SexReaction on being stressed / depressionBe alone / lock yourselfCry / StarveCall your friend blither to your eldersTotaln%n%N%n%n%F819.0716.71842.9921.442100.0%M1525.058.32846.71220.060100.0%Total2322.541211.764645.092120.58102100.0%Table 11We also asked for any other diseases or disorder which they may be suffering from. 2 of males said that they are suffering from Diabetes and 1 femal e had ulcers. We also took family history which included number of family members, earning members, total family income per month and take of education.DiscussionAdolescents are the early of the country. As they reach puberty, they face a lot of changes in many ways which includes physiological, hormonal, emotional and mental. Females tends to receive more challenges because of the physiological and hormonal changes occurring with the start of their puberty. 3 With the rise of menstrual cycle they often tend to get more depressed before getting adjusting to it. BMI Importance Awareness of malnourishmentFemales may face malnourishment due to male children being given priority to eat first 4 or may be due to body weight consciousness leading to disorders like bullaemia or Anorexia nervosa or depression. 5 Dr. Shah had conducted a study on nutrional assessment of adolescent girls in karamsad and had found out that only 8% girls were overweight while 63.2% were of normal weight and 2 8.5% were underweight. small-arm 23.4% boys were overweight and only 21.2 % were underweight.6The present study showed that 28.6% females were underweight as compared to 25% males. 2.4% females were overweight whereas we did not find any obese female during the study. 4% males were above normal stage which includes overweight and obese. Almost 90% males knew the ill effects. Whereas 78.6% Females knew about the ill effects.STD Awarness its route of transmissionIn later years of adolescent age, teenagers especially males tends to get physically attracted and intimated with the opposite sex and the adventure of contacting STDs rises if proper protection not used.7 Dr. Kotecha had conducted two studies in urban and rural areas respectively, amongst school dismission students regarding reproductive health awareness and found out that in both rural and urban areas about one-third of the boys and stern of the girls knew about contraception. Two-thirds of boys and girls had informatio n of HIV/AIDS, and about half of them correctly knew dissimilar modes of transmission of HIV in both urban and rural areas. mass of the adolescent were even ready to visit the Adolescent Friendly clinic if at that place was any in near-by areas. 8,9The awareness regarding modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS was found to be higher among boys as compared to girls which contradicts the present study. 10 The present study showed that all females knew about STDs and at least one route of spread as compared to 98.04% males. The contradiction might be due to improvement of health awareness in recent times.Tobacco ConsumptionAlong with rise in STDs prevalence and incidence there is a rise in enlarge of cigarette take in among adolescent age 11 andstudents are vulnerable to tobacco addiction, especially males.12This can have harmful effect. A study conducted in state of Gujarat, India, showed that there has been increasing trend of smoking cigarettes at junior which is a matter of great concern13. Early use of tobacco smoking may lead to many harmful effects like hypertension, lung cancer and may even lead to end stage organ in later years of life14.A study conducted by Sharma Et Al showed 18.4% males have tried cigarettes or bidis at least once in life time compared to 11% females in adolescent age group. Tobacco use was much higher among the adolescent aged 16-19 group than those in the age group of 14-15 years. Tobacco use was appreciably higher among the males (23.8%) than the females adolescent age group (14.9%), (P=0.016).The prevalence rate of current smoking is 7.1%15.The present study showed that 4.9% males has consumed tobacco in any form in a rural area which leads to a conclusion that the tobacco consumption might be at a larger scale in urban areas. All females denied taking tobacco in form. It also noticed that females are more aware of the side effects of taking tobacco. Their awareness rate was 95.2% as compared to 78.3% of Males.Also adolescents ar e at increased risk of getting stress related depression. 16They are easily influenced by changes around them which affects their biological, emotional, cognitive, and social functions. proinflammatory and anti-social behaviours are manufactured in these years but if stopped, can be moulded back or may change permanently. 17These anti-social changes are common in males as compared to femalesConclusionThere are many differences in health awareness between males and females of the adolescent age group. We need to decrease the duet between them and for that we need to change some of our health policies. In some areas females have better health awareness like awareness in STD spread and side effects of taking tobacco in any form, whereas males have better knowledge in understanding the importance of taking proper breakfast and in taking some time off for entertainment. Along with that they also know the ill effects of malnourishment. If we need our juvenility to progress at a faster rate, we need them to be healthy at mind, body and free from diseases. For that, we need to inculcate health awareness in both genders and should decrease the bridge between the awareness.Limitation future tense perspectiveSample size of study was small due to check number of students in the school. In future, we want to study on more than 500 students of multi-schools in more than 5 districts involving rural areas.ReferencesMahajan P, Sharma N. Awareness level of Adolescent Girls Regarding HIV/AIDS (A comparative study of rural and urban areas of Jammu) J Hum Ecol. 200417313-4.Gray NJ, Klein JD. Adolescents and the internet health and sexual activity information. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 200618(5)519-24. doi 10.1097/01.gco.0000242954.32867.76.Goldenring J. A Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network, Medline plus. 2004Borooah VK. Gender virgule among children in India in their diet and immunization against disease. Soc Sci Med. 2004591719-31.Reijone JH, Pratt HD, Patel DR , Greydanus DE. Eating disorders in the adolescent population An overview. J Adolesc Res. 200318209-22.Hasmukh, S., Wasim, S., Singh, S. K. (2012). Are Indian adolescent girl students more conscious about their body image than their confederate boys? National diary of Community Medicine, 3(2), 344-347.Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually transmitted diseases in American youth Incidence and prevalence estimates. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004366-10.10Kotecha PV, Patel SV, Mazumdar VS, et al. Reproductive health awareness among urban school going adolescents in Vadodara city. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 201254(4)344-348. doi10.4103/0019-5545.104821.Kotecha PV, Patel S, Baxi RK, et al. Reproductive health awareness among rural school going adolescents of Vadodara district. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 200930(2)94-99. doi10.4103/0253-7184.62765.

Pros and Cons of Creative Labour

Pros and Cons of notional LabourAssignment question Critically evaluate the model of yeasty tire. Is it good or bad for im crackers and conjunction?For the last 20-30 eld the in take shapeation, conference applied science, media and supporters and industries hold back break the most essential and demanded things in the modern homo. They bring masses recent opportunities, which dirty dog simplify peoples take and wants. I believe this Charles Landry claimed suggests that the bumpments make be fundamentally heathenish as they reflect the port people perceive their problems and opportunities (Charles Landry). The fundamental point here is that these technologies and services designed and developed by humanity, atomic number 18 what we now call the originative bear on market. Creativity is essential to the way we live and mildew today, and in many fingers always has been (Florida, 2002 p. 21). The purpose of this endeavor is to critically evaluate the conce pt of originative labour in parliamentary procedure to answer the question Is it good or bad for workers and society in our world.Debate continues as to what productive thinking is exactly, what it means to be yeasty and how this fits into society and the wider sparing environment. John Hawkins (2002) claimed that the best way to define germinalness as having a new idea he argued that our society needs schooling. He too advocated that we need to be active, clever, and persistent in intriguing this information. In his words, there is a need to be original, sceptical, argumentative, often obstinate and occasionally downright negative all these things make us creative. However, it leads us to the question where does this creativity take countersink? It is possible to enounce that creativity is produced by creative industries and it would be the right answer, but in our society, creativity rear end take institutionalise anywhere. As Hawkins (2002) said, creativity is wh ere the instinct works in the determining motive. The psychologist Dean Keith Simonton argued that creativity is favoured by an intellect that has been enriched with diverse experiences and perspectives. Creativity is associated with a mind that exhibits a variety show of interests and knowledge (Florida, 2002 p. 33). Peter Drucker said that knowledge and information are the tools and materials of creativity (Florida, 2002 p.44). Because of the ideological freight of its specific features, creative work heightens and denaturalises normal principles of work. In creative works marginal context, normal principles of work look to contradict broader social values. (Theorising Cultural Work, 2013 p.74) To conclude this point, creativity is where thoughts are not ordinary, aesthetic, item-by-item, smart and clever. A creative person innovates, produces, provides and develops new ideas and concepts. Creativity covers social, ethnic and scotch areas.The creative-labour market is crucia l for workers. A creative worker is somebody that communicates with society. The creative worker innovates, creates and develops for people they focus on labor. Raymond Williams claimed that creative workers are different from other workers, The creative worker makes the communication of experience their rudimentary work in vivification the artists work is the authentic work of transmission and uses l sort outed learnings to transmit that experience. Creativity involves obvious kinds of thinking and habits that must be cultivated both in the individual and in the surrounding society (Florida, 2002 p.21). Creative industry workers are unionised and mobilised so time constraints such as normal office hours and workspaces are not set in stone. Creative workers are very influential, they form the core of the economy science, engineering, architecture and design, education, arts, music and entertainment even finance, rightfulness and healthcare. The creative class generates we alth and happiness local government should develop policies to cultivate them (Florida, 2002). The creative process is social, not just individual, and thus forms of ecesis are requirement (Florida, 2002). Creative work is a cooperative and self-employed person model of production. Creative labour is power to people, where a person butt take mince over things they are going to create and drive how they relate to the world nearly them. Creativity breeds discontinuedom, autonomy and choice, boldnesss which make the employee sense empowered, comfort adequate and in control. Free agents, so the argument goes, are able to break free from the stranglehold of large arrangings and take control of their lives. (Florida, 2002 p.28). other huge benefit for creative workers are good running(a) condition, you flock work not only if at an office, but you could be in a strike or radio studio, atelier, at home or even travelling across the world.Being creative is in itself a challe nge, dependent upon many factors including interest and involvement from society. One example of the challenges could be an interview taken from Creative Labour. Media work in three heathenish industries, told byfaced is below a documentary producer, Malcolm who shares his experience of working in the creative industriesI call for had an amazing life. I have watched democracy come to Argentina, witnessed the most violent riots they had in country for 50 years. I was there when the gate of Gaza were opened. Ive been attacked by the KGB. Ive take with the Contras in Nicaragua, all kinds of places and amazing experiences from planeWU1 crashes to sharing terrible tragic moments to moments of great elation. I have seen so much of the world and I have been paid to do that. So it has been a very intense life with great experiences and I am glad I had it. (Interview 37 p. 128 Creative Labour. Media work in three cultural industries)The Malcolm interview explains that the experience an d skills the workers earn in creative labour area rumpnot be found or reproduced, or recreated in other areas, but moments in history can be captured by individuals and reflected back to a wider audience. This not only provides opportunities to be a witness of history in the making but to a fault be part of this history. To conclude, the issue of creative work is complex and contrary a mixture of autonomy, glamour and exploitation, inequality and precarious conditions.Media companies operating in fields as diverse and interconnected as public relations, marketing, advertisingWU2 and news media have traditionally been considered cultural industries, representing those companies and professions primarily responsible for the industrial production and circulation of refining. (Hesmondhalgh, 2002 p. 163) In the ongoing academic debate on the definition of culture (or cultural) industries, media production tends to be emphasised as particular to the field of march of the companies a nd corporations involved. In recent years, policy makers, industry observers and scholars alike have reconceptualised media work as taking place within a broader context of creative industries. The term was introduced by the UK government Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) in 1998, shaping creative industries as those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and billet concept through the generation and exploitation pf intellectual property. This includes advertising, architecture, the art and antiques market, crafts, design, designer fashion, film and video, interactive leisure software and computer games, television and radio.Creativity also has some negative effects on workers. The creative process can take a long time and there is a senior exalted level of risk. In recent times, technological advances have increased so rapidly, that adopting and working with the new technologies can make wo rkers feel uncomfortable and odd behind somewhat. With the economy as it is actually, and such high levels of unemployment, workers in the creative industries can struggle to maintain their career progress. This has led to a high level of competition and creates high levels of stress, but ultimately results in progress.David Hesmondhaulgh, a prominent academic and a director of Media Industries Research Centre declared in his book that creative labour and creativity is the big aspect for media workersWU3(Hesmondhalgh 2002 p.168). In his opinion professional identity of creative industries involves four constituent(prenominal) elements content, connectivity, creativity and commerce (Ibid) Professionals in media industries in particular and creative industries more generally produce content, yes. However, they also invest in platforms for connectivity where fans and audiences provide free labour. Media work involves the creation with the industries, yes, but tends to take place w ithin a distinctly commercial context. Within a context of destabilising legacy industries and looseness boundaries between media consumption and production, the media worker may feel isolated. However, this isolation can give some creative control to the media professional as well. Arthur (1994) suggests that creating a career without boundaries could be the best, if not only, way to survive in the current work environment. To some extent, individuals could be seen as taking control of their career paths, resulting in a new type of self-directed job security. It could also be said that those who are willing to train themselves, become moreWU4 attractive to management and employers. By being proficient in respective(a) methods of media production, workers can use multiple creative talents to their advantage and are increasingly expected to be doing so.In the everyday construction of a sense of self for cultural workers that leads to a more or little unyielding (or at least ima gined) professional identity it is the interplay between the values of providingWU5 content, organising connectivity, managing creative freedom and being commercially successful (which is not necessarily an verbal expression in monetary terms) that structures ones negotiations. there is an argument to say that working in the creative industries would seem to allow the individual to divulge themselves as a single producer of content and as part of a larger whole, whereas the intermediate level of the company or organisation seems to disappear. (David Hesmondhalgh, 2002)Society massively benefits from creative and cultural labour. Creative workers are eer thinking about what audiences think, what they want and work on ways of delivering this. There is huge demographic analysis and numerous surveys undertaken in either new creations of technological innovations, the making of new TV shows, art, literature and other divers(a) media platforms. Creative workers make products for peo ple and society. As Maurizio LazzaratoWU6 said The image of society is dominated by knowledge and information work (Lazzarato, 1996).Creativity and creative labour have a huge effect not only on workers and industries, but also on society and the world. capital of the United Kingdom is a perfect example of a city of huge world status, which is delimit and almost created by its cultural identity, practices and the development of its creative industries. Industries present in the capital are internationally oriented and diversified which in itself cultivates the necessary support for both local and international creative action. This type of activity makes London a more attractive environment to people that are artistic, thus resulting in the development of the city in economic, social and cultural ways. Charles Landry, (1997) claimed, Cultural activities are inextricable to innovation and creativity, and historically this has been the lifeblood of cities as a means of unleashing th eir capacity to survive and adapt. The places where the creativity and cultural activities took place in large lead only to development and egress of symptomatic mentioned above.The cultural and creative industries are part of what is commonly referred to as the service and knowledge economy. Writers who stress the role of creative (as a mention of agonistic advantage) point to the injection of creative work into all areas of economic life. (Andy Pratt, 2006). Another important point to make here is that creative labour and creative industries create the so-called New Economy. The New Economy, is defined as the transition from heavy industry to a new technology based economy. Creative labour is very connected to this concept because the preparedness of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is central to determining our economy be high-voltage rather than just stable. terry Flew (2001) stated that the core dynamics of this economic system arose out of the fusion o f technologies of knowledge generation, information processing, and symbol communication with the processes of globalisation, digitisation and engagementing. He stated that these have led to the rise of the network society as the dominant form of social organisation. The point Terry Flew makes, is that creative industries and labour, whilst providing knowledge, new ideas and innovation of technologies make a huge contribution and are central to the development of our economy, which brings only benefits to our society and world as a whole.In so-called old economy markets are stable, in new economy markets are dynamic, the scope of completion are less national, more global. Manufacturing used to be at the core of our economy, now everything is centred around services, knowledge and information. The source of value in old economy is afflictive materials or physical capital you could say that now, more value is laid on human resources and social capital. In business areas, key drive rs of growth was capital and labour, now is about innovation, knowledge and networking. The main source of competitive advantage was lowering cost through scale, but now is made by innovation, quality and the depth and breadth of communication. The innovation of new information and communication technologies made by creative labour has changed the tastes of business and economy workers, people started to gain broad skills and adaptability when previously they have basic job-specific skills. design and creativity make society think and discover differently in a way that is developing all the time.To conclude, creativity, creative labour and creative industries are great, significant and essential thing in our world. Creative labour creates and innovates things, new technologies, it provides new theories and information, which affects and influences workers, people, and the overall economy. It makes social and cultural life of people, cities and the world more positive and our ways o f working smarter. Creative industries is useful for workers, specially media because of its highly popular graduate employment destinations with glamorous and exciting places to work alongside other highly educated, highly skilled workers. Creativity took place in media and communications. These are advertising, architecture, the art and antiques market, crafts, design, designer fashion, film, interactive leisure software, music, the playacting arts, publishing, software, television and radio. (Creative Industries Task Force, 1998)ReferenceBaker S. and Hesmondhalgh, D. (2011). Creative Labour. Media Work In Three Cultural Industries. RoutledgeBlair, H. (2001). Youre Only as Good as Your Last Job the Labour Process and Labour Market in the British Film Industry. Work, Employment and Society. 15(1) 149-169.Florida, R. (2004). The Rise of the Creative Class And how its Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. London Basic Books.Flew, T. (2012). The Creative Industrie s Culture and Policy. London quick-scentedGill, R. and Pratt, A. (2008). In the social factory? Immaterial labour, precariousness and cultural work. Theory, Culture and Society. 25(1) 2-30Hartley, J. (2005). Creative Industries. Blackwell. OxfordHesmondhalgh, D. (2007). The Cultural Industries, 2nd Edition. London SageWU1Done paraphrasingWU2Done paraphrasingWU3Check paraWU4Done in next pageWU5Working on itWU6Cant name a particular sentence in the book